a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. which codon of mrna will the trna join?
Using theories of codon, we got UUU,UUC a trna molecule with anticodn cag which carries the amino acid phenylalanine and is a codon of mrna which join the trna.
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of the three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of the genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. An anticodon is the trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is actually complementary to a corresponding codon in the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. Each time an amino acid is actually added to a growing polypeptide during the protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into polypeptide.
Hence, a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. UUU,UUC codon of mrna will the trna join.
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what are disruptive, directional and stabilizing selection and which is most likely to lead to speciation? what are examples of each?
Natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored is Directional, in which extreme values of trait are favored over intermediate is disruptive and which favors stabilized phenotype is stabilizing selection.
Directional Selection
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, the seminal 1859 work by the English biologist and scientist Charles Darwin, was the first to identify directional selection as a type of natural selection.
According to the directional selection theory, an extreme phenotype—a set of features or characteristics—is preferred to other phenotypes, and as a result, the allele frequency—the frequency with which a gene variant appears in a population—shifts over time in favor of the extreme phenotype. In other words, a feature will manifest itself in the population with the highest frequency if it is favorable.
Giraffe neck lengths serve as an illustration of directed selection. Because they could reach more food in the trees, giraffes with longer necks were favored by the environment's selection pressure. At the same time, giraffes with shorter necks faced selection pressure. Both long and short necks are extreme phenotypes, but due to selection pressure over time, the long neck phenotype predominated; that is, this characteristic in giraffes moved in favor of long necks.
Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing selection is also referred to as "middle-of-the-road" selection since it favors a non-extreme characteristic over one of the two extreme ones. Plant height is an illustration of this. Short plants may not receive enough sunlight in a population of plants, and towering plants may sustain wind damage. This causes a decrease in the number of very tall and very short plants and an increase in medium-height plants. Stabilizing selection is thought to be the most prevalent method of natural selection because most features do not change significantly over time.
Human birthweight and bird egg production are two other instances of stabilizing selection (clutch size). Human babies' birth weights keep within a range because newborns with extremely low birth weights have a lower chance of surviving and those with extremely high birth weights can cause difficulties during delivery that endanger both the mother and the baby's lives. There is a maximum number of eggs that can be laid by a certain bird species in a clutch. The clutch should contain just the right number of eggs to protect it against disease and/or predators, but not too many that the parent(s) will have trouble feeding.
Selective Disruption
Natural selection of this kind favors extreme features in a population and is bimodal. For instance, some pollinators in a population of plants will visit the tallest plants, while another species will visit the medium-height plants, and a third species will favor the lowest plants. Natural selection would favor tall and short plants, the two extreme phenotypes, and remove the pollinator that favors medium-height plants, causing medium-height plants to become less common.
The size of the beaks of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which Darwin observed, is a more well-known illustration of disruptive selection. Finches with large and small beaks (no finches with medium-sized beaks) were preferred on certain of the islands because the bulk of seeds discovered there was either huge or small.
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1.which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? a.algae b.fungi c.animals d.invertebrates
Algae organisms can perform photosynthesis.
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species possess the capacity for photosynthetic activity. The most famous examples are plants because, with the exception of a very small number of parasitic or mycoheterotrophic species, they all have chlorophyll and can make their own sustenance. The other major class of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms is the algae.
What about algae?A class of primarily watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms collectively referred to as "algae" lack the true roots, stems, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive structures.Photosynthetic organisms include algae. They are not an animal, a plant, or a fungus. Many types of algae are single-celled, while some are multicellular. Red and brown algae are generally multicellular, but not always. Algae and cyanobacteria are neither good nor bad on their own. Because they provide the oxygen required to support life, these organisms are crucial to the health of the planet. However, cyanobacteria and algae can be harmful to humans, animals, and the environment if they produce toxins or proliferate in large quantities. Algae could be a crucial supply of B12 if people move to more plant-based diets. Algae-based food supplements are currently available on the market. Chlorella, a complete algae product, is added to some drinks, although it is mostly offered as a nutritional supplement in powder form. Since then, algae have been reclassified as protists, and because blue-green algae are prokaryotic, they are now grouped with bacteria in the prokaryotic kingdom Monera.Learn more about algae here:
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in what direction do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts? group of answer choices from the matrix into the stroma from the stroma into the cytosol from the thylakoid space to into the stroma from the intermembrane space into the stroma from the stroma into the thylakoid space
Direction in which protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts are : from the stroma into the thylakoid space.
Where do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?The chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts occurs during photosynthesis. The energy of electron is used to pump proton from stroma into the thylakoid lumen and when protons move back to stroma then they pass through ATP synthase.
The process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane is known as chemiosmosis.
Electrochemical gradient is generated in chemiosmosis which is used to drive ATP synthesis. During this process, hydrogen ions get collected in the thylakoid membranes.
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Charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient. Which process is represented here?.
The process of charged ions traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient represents simple diffusion.
When the surface area to volume ratio is higher, the distance travelled is shorter, and the concentration gradient is more pronounced, the process is more effective. Simple diffusion is the process of a solute moving between two compartments divided by a membrane permeable to it. As a result, we can infer that charged ions are moving through a cell membrane along a gradient of concentration. This is an illustration of basic diffusion.
Diffusion causes a net movement along a concentration gradient by including the haphazard movement of individual molecules or ions. It is known as facilitated diffusion when substances are transported across the bilayer by a protein present in the membrane, which can either be a transporter or a channel protein in the case of ions.
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Which blood vessels are responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart?.
Pulmonary Artery is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Artery Characteristics
- One of the 3 main blood vessels of the body.
- Out of the right ventricle into the 2 bronchi.
- In the form of a tube sleeve that resembles the letter "T".
- The veins are 1.2 inches wide and 2 inches long.
- Has a valve in the right ventricle of the heart.
- Thick-walled, elastic, and muscular.
- Carries carbon dioxide-rich blood (de-oxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery Function
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries de-oxygenated blood. The other arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
The valves in the ventricles act as one-way doors, through which blood can leave the heart but cannot return to the heart.
The right and left pulmonary arteries are responsible for carrying carbon dioxide-rich blood to the two lung bronchi. In the lungs, gas exchange will occur.
Carbon dioxide gas that is no longer needed in the blood will be replaced with oxygen gas that the body needs.
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a collection of recombinant vectors that contains fragments of one organism's entire genome is called a(n) .
A genomic library is a collection of individual genome fragments from one organism.
What types of organisms are examples?Any living thing that has an organized structure, is capable of reacting to inputs, can breed, expand, adapt, & maintain equilibrium is described to as an ecosystem. Therefore, anything animal, vegetation, fungus, parasitoid wasp, bacterium, and archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism.
Sperm—is it a living thing?Sperm are alive? That mostly depends on how you define "life." Sperm cells share several traits with living things, such as the ability to grow (mature), make energy from sugar metabolism, and move independently.
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An
(beginning/ end) of a gene is the most harmful.
(insertion / substitution) mutation at the
The most dangerous gene mutation is frameshift.
Which mutation is the most harmful?The DNA sequence is most severely damaged by mutations brought on by the insertion or deletion of nitrogenous bases because they entirely alter the reading frame for the process of protein production. The most harmful mutation is thought to be a frameshift mutation caused by an insertion or deletion.
Which is worse for you, insertion or substitution?Insertions and deletions typically do more damage than substitutions, which only change one amino acid, since they create a frame-shift that alters the reading of succeeding codons and, consequently, changes the complete set of amino acids that follow the mutation.
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a microbiologist wants to estimate the concentration of a certain type of bacterium in a waste-water sample. she puts a 0.5 ml sample of the wastewater on a microscope slide and counts 39 bacteria. estimate the concentration of bacteria, per ml, in this wastewater, and find the uncertainty in the estimate.
The uncertainty of getting bacterial concentration in wastewater is pretty low as wastewater contains more bacteria and number of bacteria in per ml is 7.8
Estimating the microbial concentration in a sample is determined by various methods like - pour plating, spread plating and serial dilution. In estimation of microbial concentration, we need nutrient broth and an inoculum (a sample from where the sample will be taken and inoculated).
In the given condition we have 0.5 ml of sample and the microscopic counts of 39 bacteria at a time.
Therefore, for the number of bacteria = 39 and
solution = 0.5ml.
39/0.5 = 7.8
Therefore, the number of bacteria per ml of solution is 7.8
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what is not a mutagen? a. chemicals in tobacco smoke b. fungal toxins c. all of the above are mutagens d. ultraviolet light e. industrial pollution
These substances are all mutagens.
What purposes do mutagens serve?Many mutagens are employed to kill cancer cells because they are very harmful to growing cells. Chemotherapy may involve the use of intercalating drugs like daunorubicin and doxorubicin as well as alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and cisplatin.
What consequences do mutagens have?Additionally, lesions that increase the number of single-stranded regions in the genome may be introduced by mutagens that rapidly degrade DNA, leading to even higher frequencies of recombination.
How do mutagens cause harm?A mutagen is a substance that can permanently alter cells' genetic material, perhaps resulting in heritable genetic harm or cancer.
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If ATP is not present, the Calvin cycle will shut down. True or false?
Answer: True
Explanation:
how to find the mean mass?
2.5 ÷ 1.5x10^4 = .000167 g = answer
The flower is the blank organ
responsible for making blank.
Its strong odor attracts black
that help transport the black
from the stamen to the blank
The major floral components are the male stamen and the female pistil. The flower is an empty organ from the stamen to the blank. Anthers and filaments make up the stamen's two components.
What gender does the stamen have?The top-most anther and the stalk and filament that supports it are together referred to as the stamens, which are the male components of the flower. The pistil is the name for all of the feminine components. Stigma is the name for the sticky, pollen-receptive portion of the pistil that sits on top.
What role does a stamen play in the body?Flowering plants have stamens as their male reproductive organs. They are made up of an anther, which is where pollen develops, and, in the majority of species, a stalk-like filament that supplies the anther with nutrients and water while positioning it to facilitate pollen dissemination.
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The latitudes at which hot deserts are found have enough direct solar heating to produce high temperatures. Which of these is another primary factor that defines deserts?
Responses
The primary factor for desert is where atmospheric convection in a dry air mass hot deserts are fount at this latitudes.
What is a factor that defines deserts?Ascending and descending air creates areas of high and low pressure. As the air heats, it rises, resulting in low pressure at the surface.
As the air cools, it descends, resulting in high pressure at the surface. Low-pressure systems are typically associated with clouds and precipitation,
Which minimizes temperature changes throughout the day, whereas high-pressure systems are typically associated with dry weather and mostly clear skies.
Therefore dry air mass defines a desert and has a high temperature.
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Marine Science Explain the law of conservation of energy.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction or biological system. Although, it gets transformed from one form to another.
What is an example of the law of conservation of energy?An example of the law of conservation of energy is as follows:
When you roll a toy car from a flat staircase, it will fall into the ground where the kinetic energy gets transferred into potential energy.This may be clearly understood by the fact when taking all forms of energy are present in the environment, the total energy of this isolated environment always remains constant. This reveals the law of conservation of energy.
Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is well described above.
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which of the following statements is correct? a.meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei. b.meiosis involves 1 division and produces 2 non-identical daughter nuclei. c.mitosis involves 1 division and produces 2 non-identical daughter nuclei. d.mitosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 identical daughter nuclei.
Meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and lowers the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, also known as somatic cells, have two sets of chromosomes and are diploid (one from each parent).
Meiosis involves two cell divisions. During the initial division, homologous chromosome pairs align in the cell's center before being split into two daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes break, reducing ploidy. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes exclusively. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids split.
Thus, meiosis involves two divisions that result in the production of four haploid daughter cells.
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The female reproductive part of an angiosperm is the ____ and the male reproductive part is the _____
A.anther, stamen
B.pistil, stigma
C.stamen, pistil
D.pistil, stamen
Which organ is primarily responsible
for eliminating food wastes?
Answer:
Large Intestine
Explanation:
The large intestine is primarily responsible for eliminating food wastes that remain after digestion. This organs collects waste from around the body as well.
Answer:
Liver
Explanation:
It has many associated organs like the salivary glands and liver which expels the waste into the digestive tract. Besides the undigested and unwanted matter in the food is also removed. The liver is a crucial excretory organ of the digestive system.
suppose two individuals with the genotype aabbcc are mated. assuming that the genes are not linked, what fraction of the offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for the three traits?
100% of the progenies will be homozygous recessive for all the three traits, when two individuals with the genotype aabbcc are mated with no linkage in the genes.
Homozygous recessive is the condition of genotype where homozygous is the state where both the alleles in the genotype are of same type. Recessive is the condition where the alleles are not able to express their effect individually. They display their characters only when occur in a pair. If a cross is made between two homozygous recessive individuals, then all their progenies also show the same character.
Linkage is the property of closeness of genes. This unit of distance between the genes is centimorgan. If two genes have a distance of less than 50 centimorgan, they are said to be linked. A distance of 50 centimorgan or above states that the genes are not linked.
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What are some of the changes that have occurred in the past 50 years that have led us to now take 80 to 90 million metric tons of fish out of the sea every year?
Answer: We created more effective and superior fishing methods. In addition, our population has increased, meaning there are more people to eat fish.
Over the past 50 years, the production of fish and seafood has doubled worldwide. In addition to the fact that the world's population has more than doubled during this time, the average person now consumes about twice as much seafood as they did fifty years ago. Fish stocks all across the world are under more strain as a result of this. Since the 1980s, the proportion of fish populations that are overexploited globally—meaning that humans harvest them more quickly than they can reproduce to maintain population levels—has more than doubled, making the current levels of wild fishing unsustainable.
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during cellular respiration the energy in glucose is used to manufacture glucose. is released all at once. is stored and carried by electrons. becomes stored in molecules of water.
During cellular respiration the energy in glucose is stored and carried by electrons
What is Cellular respiration ?A glucose molecule gradually degrades into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. During the process of transforming glucose, some ATP is created immediately. However, oxidative phosphorylation, a process, results in the production of significantly more ATP.
In order to get chemical energy for cellular processes, organisms require oxygen to break down food molecules during cellular respiration. In addition to algae and other protists, cellular respiration also occurs in the cells of animals, plants, and fungus.The activity is known as "cellular respiration" because the cell seems to "respire" by consuming molecular oxygen (as an electron acceptor) and exhaling carbon dioxide (as an end product).Learn more about Cellular respiration here:
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atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. what does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? how might the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in fee of making ATP and is utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The truth that the equal enzyme seems in each organizations creates a dating due to the fact the perfect manner this will show up is via way of means of eukaryotes obtaining this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is assumed that during truth this befell thru a manner referred to as endosymbiosis, wherein prokaryotic cells engulf different cells setting up a symbiotic dating. After hundreds of thousands of years it in the end have become 1 organism.
b) Since ATP synthase is a kind of protein one may want to assume that the amino acid series that creates this enzyme ought to be comparable among prokaryotes and eukaryotes and helping the concept that eukaryotes advanced from prokaryotes.
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a sediment layer has a faunal assemblage consisting of mollusks with an age range from paleocene through miocene, corals with an age range from oligocene through pleistocene, and shark teeth with an age range from the eocene through the oligocene. during what geologic epoch was this layer deposited?
During Miocene geologic epoch was this layer deposited as major phases of the geology of the mountains occurred during the Miocene.
The Miocene (/ˈmaɪ.əsiːn, -oʊ-/ MY-ə-seen, -oh-) is the primary topographical age of the Neogene and expands from approximately 23.03 to 5.333 million a long time prior (Ma).
The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the title comes from Greek words that imply age since it has 18% less advanced marine spineless creatures than the Pliocene has.
The Miocene is gone before the Oligocene and is taken after by the Pliocene. As Soil went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate gradually cooled towards an arrangement of ice ages.
The Miocene boundaries are not checked by a single unmistakable worldwide occasion but comprise or maybe territorially characterized boundaries between the hotter Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene Epoch.
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Which of the components bond directly with cytosine in a section double stranded DNA?
Answer:
Double Helix
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T). The two strands are connected by chemical bonds between the bases: adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
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What helps to transport materials across the membrane, can open and close, or even change shape?.
normally, proteins of large molecular size are not present in urine. increased amounts of proteins may appear as a result of kidney diseases in which the glomeruli are damaged or as a result of .
Because of high blood pressure or from injury to the glomeruli.
Why do proteins typically not appear in urine samples?There is protein in the blood, but healthy kidneys should only remove very little amounts (traces) of it through the filters into the urine (glomeruli). Protein loss in the urine is not typical.
What are the proteins found in typical urine?You typically have a very small amount of protein in your urine. If your urine contains a lot of protein (proteinuria), your kidneys may be the source of the issue. Your kidneys are a set of organs that purify surplus water and waste from your blood to create urine.
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Describe what
three things can happen to light energy as the sun shines on plant cells
The following can happen as the sun shines on plant cells:
Light energy can be absorbed by pigments and used in the photosynthesis reactionsIt can e transmitted or it can pass through the cellsit can be reflected. What are plant cells?Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
The organelles found only in plant cells include the chloroplast, cell wall, plastids, and a large central vacuole. The chloroplasts contain a green pigment chlorophyll that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis.
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the contents of this organ are so acidic that vomit (which starts in this organ) can burn a hole in a carpet. why doesn't this organ digest itself? the lining of mucus protects it.
The lining of mucus protects the organ.
Mucus is a highly hydrated gel that consists of 95% water, 5% mucin glycoprotein, and minor components such as electrolytes.
Mucus lining are present in inner lines of stomach , organ cavity , nose ears lungs and they works in providing a slippery layer . Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue. Mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are also lined with mucous membranes. These membranes are termed as the oral mucosa, esophageal mucosa, gastric mucosa, and intestinal mucosa respectively.
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in your experiment did blood glucose increase at any time interval for the group that drank sugar-free drinks?
Aspartame is a sugar substitute that is used in many foods and beverages to give consumers a reduced, low, or no-calorie option. We use aspartame in several of our goods because we are aware that many consumers desire delicious beverages with lower sugar and calorie content.
What is Sugar-free drink ?Diet sodas and sugar-free flavored sparkling water are examples of sugar-free carbonated beverages that may raise your chance of developing diabetes and give you headaches. These sugar-sweetened beverages have fewer calories than conventional drinks with sugar added, but drinking them can result in weight gain.
What Blood glucose ?The primary sugar in your blood is called blood sugar, or glucose. Your body uses it as its primary source of energy, and it originates from the food you eat. All of the cells in your body receive glucose from your blood to be used as fuel. Diabetes is a condition in which you have too high blood sugar levels.
The term "glycaemia," also referred to as "blood sugar level," "blood sugar concentration," or "blood glucose level," refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood of people or other animals. A 70 kg person's blood contains 4 grams or less of the simple sugar glucose at all times.
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what volume of mating mix (mixture of donor and recipient) will you spread plate on to a luria agar dap plate?
200 microliters volume of mating mix spread plate on to a luria agar dap plate
What does a Luria test entail?In order to complete the Luria's Test (also known as the "fist-edge-palm" test or Luria Sequence), the patient must duplicate three hand motions made by a medical professional. The Frontal Assessment Framework (FAB) is a set of tests that includes Luria's test.
What symptoms denote frontal release?A certain region of the brain, usually the frontal lobes, has an inhibitory effect that causes the reflex to decrease as the brain ages. When disease processes disrupt these inhibitory pathways, the response is "liberated" from inhibition and can then be triggered again. The term "frontal release sign" was created for this reason.
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