Complete question:
You are tracking three loci in the fruit fly, loci A, B, and C, and want to know whether the loci are linked and if so what their physical distances are from one another as well as the physical order they are in. To find out this information you perform a three-point testcross with a fly that is heterozygous for all three alleles. The progeny of this cross are:
a/a B/b C/c 389
A/a b/b c/c 410
a/a b/b C/c 39
A/a B/b c/c 44
a/a b/b c/c 77
A/a B/b C/c 83
a/a B/b c/c 6
A/a b/b C/c 5
Total 1053
(a) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and B?
(b) What is the recombination frequency between loci B and C?
(c) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and C?
(d) Are these loci linked?
(e) Demonstrate the physical arrangement of the genes on the chromosome, i.e. the order of the genes on a chromosome as well as their map distances.
(f) Write out the genotypes of the parents for this cross, indicating which alleles are linked with one another for each parent?
Answer and Explanation:
The Crossing-over frequency between two genes depends on the distance between them. A short distance between genes is a very little target for crossing-over to occur, which means that only a few of them will happen, compared with the number of events between genes that are more separated between each other. Two genes that are very close will have a few recombination events and are strongly bounded. While two separated genes will have more chances of recombination and are not bound.
To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. In a tri-hybrid cross, If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the heterozygote parent.
In the present example, the phenotypic ratio shows different proportions than the expected ones if they were not linked.
We can recognize the parental gametes in the descendants because their phenotypes are the most frequent,
a/a B/b C/c 389
A/a b/b c/c 410
while the double recombinants are the less frequent.
a/a B/b c/c 6
A/a b/b C/c 5
And simple recombinant gametes produced by the cross, which frequencies are intermediate.
a/a b/b C/c 39
A/a B/b c/c 44
a/a b/b c/c 77
A/a B/b C/c 83
Comparing the parental and the double recombinant we will realize that they only change in the position of the alleles C/c. This suggests that the position of the gene C is in the middle of the other two genes, A and B, because in a double recombinant only the central gene changes position in the chromatid.
A------C------B
Now we will call Region I to the area between A and C and Region II to the area between C and B.
Once established the order of the genes we can calculate distances between them, and we will do it from the central gene to the genes on each side. First We will calculate the recombination frequencies, and we will do it by region. We will call P1 to the recombination frequency between A and C genes, and P2 to the recombination frequency between C and B.
P1 = (R + DR) / N
P2 = (R + DR)/ N
Where: R is the number of recombinants in each region, DR is the number of double recombinants in each region, and N is the total number of individuals. To calculate the recombination frequency, we have to know that 1% of recombinations = 1 map unit = 1cm. And that the maximum recombination frequency is always 50%.
So:
P1 = (R + DR) / N = 5 + 6 + 77 + 44 + 39 / 1053 = 171/1053 = 0.162 P2 = (R + DR)/ N = 6 + 5 + 83 / 1053 = 94/1053 = 0.089Now, to calculate the recombination frequency between the two extreme genes, A and B, we can just perform addition or a sum:
P1 + P2= Pt
0.162 + 0.089 = Pt
0.251 = Pt
The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU). The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
P1 = 0.162 x 100 = 16.2%P2 = 0.089 x 100 = 8.9%Pt = 0.251 x 100 = 25.1 %(a) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and B? 0.251
(b) What is the recombination frequency between loci B and C? 0.089
(c) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and C? 0.162
(d) Are these loci linked? Yes. Their recombination frequency is inferior to 50% and the phenotypic rate is different from 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1
(e) Demonstrate the physical arrangement of the genes on the chromosome, i.e. the order of the genes on a chromosome as well as their map distances.
A-------------------C-----------------B
A--- 16.2 UM --C ---8.9 UM--B
A-------------25.1 UM--------------B
(f) Write out the genotypes of the parents for this cross, indicating which alleles are linked with one another for each parent?
a/a C/c B/b x A/a c/c b/b
how does quartz watch give time?
quartz gives time by, oscillator in which vibrates quickly and precise frequency In around 32,768 times-second in response to the electronic charge.
Eye color is an example of 1. Transcriptional control 2. gene expression 3. translational control 4. gene regulation
Eye color is an example of Gene expression
Which of these is NOT an example of biting and chewing insect?
(A)
Locust
(B) Grasshopper
(C)
Aphid
(D) Termite
(E)
Answer:
C aphid is the answer for that question
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
Superficial similarities in structures that have the same function can seem like they are evidence of a common ancestor, but they are not. An example of this is the convergent evolution of wings in insects as well as in birds. What are these types of structures called
Answer:
Distinguishing between Similar Traits
Similar traits can be either homologous structures that share an embryonic origin or analogous structures that share a function.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures
KEY TAKEAWAYSKey PointsOrganisms may be very closely related, even though they look quite different, due to a minor genetic change that caused a major morphological difference.Unrelated organisms may appear very similar because both organisms developed common adaptations that evolved within similar environmental conditions.To determine the phylogeny of an organism, scientists must determine whether a similarity is homologous or analogous.The advancement of DNA technology, the area of molecular systematics, describes the use of information on the molecular level, including DNA analysis.Key Termsanalogous: when similar similar physical features occur in organisms because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationshiphomologous: when similar physical features and genomes stem from developmental similarities that are based on evolutionphylogeny: the evolutionary history of an organismmolecular systematics: molecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism’s evolutionary relationships
what is homostatis in biology
Answer:
Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. The term was coined in 1930 by the physician Walter Cannon.
Explanation:
Before working at the hospital, Beth was given a Mantoux skin test to detect tuberculosis. If it were positive, the site of the test would become hardened and red. What type of response is this?
The options are missing from the question,the missing options are;
a. Anaphylactic
b. Histamine
c. Immediate allergic
d. Delayed allergic
e. B-cell mediated.
The correct answer to the question is option D
DELAYED ALLERGIC.
Delayed allergic response is a type of late response to antigen that occurs 48-72hours after exposure to an antigen.
This type of allergic response is mediated by T-cells and macrophages.
They are otherwise known as delayed hypersensitivity response/reaction.
The response is delayed because there is sensitization upon first exposure to the antigen, therefore if there is a re-exposure,a secondary cellular response is initiated triggering the actions of the already sensitized T-cells and macrophages.
4. What happens when an enzyme is denatured? I
Answer:
in the air
Explanation:
poop
Please help! Show work please!
Answer:
7. 18m = 1800 cm = 18×10² cm
8. 23 dm = 0.23 hm
9. 5 cm = 50 mm
10. 5.3 hL = 530000 mL
11. 167 mm = 0.167 m
12. 1.589 daL = 158.9 dL
13. 35.45 mg = 0.0003545 hg
14. 43 dam = 4300 dm
15. 500 kg = 500000 g
16. 700mL = 0.0007 KL
17. 130 dag = 1.3 kg
18. 59.932 mm = 59.932 × 10 –⁵ km = 59.932 × 10^–5 km
* Note; 1 m —> 100 cm1 dm —> 0.001 hm1 cm —> 10 mm1 hL —> 100000 mL = 10⁵ mL1mm —> 0.001 m1 dal —> 100 dL1 mg —> 0.00001 hg = 10^–5 hg1 dam—> 100 dm1 kg —> 1000 g1 mL —> 0.000001 kL = 10^–61 dag —> 0.01 kg1 mm —> 0.00001 km = 10^–5 kmI hope I helped you^_^
Plz help me ASAP TwT
Answer:
Response
Explanation:
It is response because your pupils are responding to the light flashing in your eyes and therefore they get smaller.
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
Response
Explanation:
We can use process of elimination. Reproduction does not fit in this context--nothing is reproducing. Nothing is growing, either. Development usually refers to when an organism develops, which doesn't fit this context either. Response is the only one that fits--your pupils are responding to the sudden light.
who discovered micro organisms
Robert Hooke is the person that discovered Micro organism
Answer:
An English architect, "Robert Hooke" discovered micro organisms in 1665.
Hope this helped!
Have a nice day:)
BRAINLIEST would really help me:)
The proximal convoluted tubule is A. lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli. B. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption. C. permeable to water if ADH is present. D. impermeable to water. E. the site of water secretion.
Answer:
The correct answer is - option B.
Explanation:
The proximal convoluted tubule or PCT is the the part of nephron that lies in between of loop of Henle and bowman's capsule. The PCT is responsible for the most amount reabsorption of sodium, glucose, amino acids, water, potassium and chloride and reabsorbs around 65% to 100% of filtered substance.
Epithelial cells in the PCT reabsorb substances that have nutritional importance by the numerous microvilli on their surface.
Thus, the correct answer is - option B.
where are genes located in a prokaryotes cell?
The following specimens/slides were shown to the students: mushroom, moss, earthworm, volvox, bacteria. The teacher asked them to classify them into the five kingdoms.
Answer:
Mushroom-Kingdom Fungi
Moss-Kingdom Plantae
Earthworm-Kingdom Animalia
Volvox-Kingdom Protista
Bacteria-Kingdom Monera
Explanation:
The classification of the organisms into five kingdoms is as follows:
Mushroom- Kingdom FungiMoss- Kingdom PlantaeEarthworm- Kingdom AnimaliaVolvox- Kingdom ProtistaBacteria- Kingdom MoneraWhat is classification?Classification is distributing the organisms into different groups according to their similar characteristics. The five kingdom classification is the approved form of classification today.
The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, and the organisms are distributed in these kingdoms.
Thus, the classification is following:
Mushroom- Kingdom FungiMoss- Kingdom PlantaeEarthworm- Kingdom AnimaliaVolvox- Kingdom ProtistaBacteria- Kingdom MoneraLearn more about classification, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14489978
#SPJ2
what action is a reflex action
Answer:
A reflex action is an involuntary , quick response to a stimulus, which minimises any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as touching something hot.
Explanation:
Based on your knowledge of our solar
system, how do you think it originally
formed?
Answer:
Our sun oriented framework shaped almost 4.5 billion a long time back from a thick cloud of interstellar gas and tidy. The cloud collapsed, conceivably due to the shockwave of a adjacent detonating star, called a supernova. When this tidy cloud collapsed, it shaped a sun oriented nebula—a turning, twirling disk of fabric.
Which of the following is NOT an organ system in the human body?
A. Endocrine system
B. Replicatory system
C. Digestive system
D. Lymphatic system
Most fresh water fish are hypertonic, meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water. Since osmosis should push water into their cells, why don't they explode? They don'Ât drink any water because they get so much from osmosis. They have adapted to live with high osmotic pressure. They urinate a lot, so the water does not build up. Their cells have adapted to absorb salt. All of the above
Answer:
They urinate a lot, so the water does not build up.
Explanation:
Freshwater fishes are fishes that live in freshwater habitat i.e. little or no salt. This means that the fishes are hypertonic (have more salt) to their external environment. Due to their hypertonicity, freshwater fishes tend to take in more water via osmosis.
Freshwater fishes, however, do not explode despite this phenomenon because they pass out the excess water via urine waste. Freshwater fishes urinate a lot, hence, the absorbed water does not build up in their bodies.
Need help write some for me to put in my book
Answer:
Users encounter the error message ‘The Third-party INF doesn’t contain Digital Signature Information’ when they are trying to install third-party drivers on their computer. There are usually two types of drivers present i.e. third-party (these are not developed by manufacturers) and official drivers
What is most similar about the alkaline earth metals?
Answer:
They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure
do foxes hunt alone yes or no.
yes. but occasionally they meet up with their packs during the night
Answer:
yes they hardley ever travel in packs
Which effects are factors in long-term climate change? Check all that apply.
Answer:
Earth's orbit around the Sun . Right
ice forming on a lake . Wrong
solar energy . Right
volcanic eruptions. Right
thunderstorms. Wrong
Explanation:
Which statement explains how a DNA mutation causes sickle-cell anemia?(1 point)
Answer:
DNA mutation causes a change in the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin, which causes a change in the shape
Explanation:
Sickle cell mutation is a mutation that affect the production of red blood cell that is needed for the transport of oxygen in the bloods stream.
sickle cell mutation is a result of change in the amino acid which are building blocks of the protein hemoglobin.
The protein is what gives red cells their color, it has two subunits. The alpha
and beta subunit. There is a change in the arrangements of amino acid sequence and that is the basis for the sickle cell shape, beta subunit has valine an amino acid at position 6 instead of the glutamic acid. This alteration results in sickle cell problems that occur in people.
Answer:
Explanation:
From the options:
The DNA mutation increases the number of amino acids in hemoglobin, which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells.
The DNA mutation causes a change in the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin, which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells.
The DNA mutation decreases the number of amino acids in hemoglobin, which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells.
O The DNA mutation prevents formation of hemoglobin, the absence of wirich causes a change in the shape of red blood cells.
The correct answer would be that "The DNA mutation causes a change in the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin, which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells. "
The sickle-cell anemia is caused by a change in the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin - specifically, as a result of the substitution of the sixth amino acid, glutamic acid, by valine in the beta subunit of the proteins that make up the hemoglobin. A single base substitution causes glutamic acid to be changed to valine.
The normal hemoglobin is disc-shaped and is able to effectively carry oxygen in the blood, unlike the sickle-cell hemoglobin which has the sickle shape and is not able to effectively carry oxygen in the blood.
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are opposing pathways in that they begin or end with the same metabolites and share common intermediates and/or enzymes. Yet, for energetic reasons, the two processes cannot be the exact reverse of each other. How is this possible
Answer:
Due to difference in their products.
Explanation:
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not exact reverse to each other because in glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), NADH, protons i.e. hydrogen ions and water whereas in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose and glycogen. So due to the formation of different products of each process we can say that glycolysis is not exact reverse of gluconeogenesis.
please give the correct answer to this question
Answer: Lymphatic system
Explanation:
Not respiratory and excretory for sure.
Not nervous because the diagram doesn't show spinal nerves clearly. So its lymphatic system.
:-)
Beyond changes in relationships described above, explain what other characteristics of man changed after the Fall.
Answer:
The consequences of the fall was man and woman will die man turned to mortal and will turn back into dust. woman would bring children in pain. relationships between husband and wife would be difficult. The ground was cursed labor would be very hard. human was banned from the paradise and the garden. no longer would they enjoy the holiness and justice they had in paradise.
Explanation:
Which zone of the reef is closest to the shore?
The reef____is a zone closest to the shore or the lagoon where the surrounding water is relatively calmer.
Answer:
https://www.usclassifiedinfo.com/forum/biology/which-zone-of-the-reef-is-closest-to-the-shore
Explanation:
This is where the answer is for the question
back reef
Explanation:
The back reef is the part of the reef closest to shore, while the fore reef is farther out to sea.
Which observation led Mendel to the idea that traits were controlled by more than a single factor? Crossing two purple-flowered pea plants always resulted in a purple-flowered pea plant. Crossing two white-flowered pea plants always resulted in a white-flowered pea plant. A trait that was not seen in the first generation may later reappear in the second generation. A trait that was not seen in the first generation was completely gone and never reappeared.
Answer:
The answer is option C.
Explanation:
Genetic traits are expressed by dominant and recessive genes, which show up in the phenotype according to their presence on the chromosomes.
Observing a trait that was not present in the previous generations suggests that this trait is recessive and did not have the chance to appear in the other generations before. This idea has led Mendel to the idea that traits were not controlled by only a single factor. So the answer is C.
I hope this answer helps.
Answer:
A trait that was not seen in the first generation may later reappear in the second generation.
Explanation:
what is the main reason for using a data table to collect data?
Answer:
the correct awnser is a to understand better
Answer:
the correct answer is a because tables make data easier to understand
Here is a easy question summary the Interphase, prophase metaphase, anaphase and telophase step by step for each of the phase
Answer:
Interphase:
The DNA is present as uncondensed chromatin, which is not visible under a microscope. The DNA is contained within a clearly defined nucleus . Centrosomes and other organelles have been duplicated , and the cell is enlarged in preparation for division .
Prophase:
The DNA supercoils and chromosomes condense, becoming visible under a microscope). The chromosomes are comprised of genetically identical sister chromatids, which are joined at a centromere). Paired centrosomes then move to the opposite poles of the cell and form microtubule spindle fibers , the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the nucleus dissolves .
Metaphase:
The microtubule spindle fibers from both centrosomes connect to the centromere of each chromosome , microtubule depolymerisation causes spindle fibers to shorten in length and contract , causing chromosomes to align along the center of the cell.
Anaphase:
The continued contraction of the spindle fibers cause genetically identical sister chromatids to separate . Once the chromatids separate, they are individual chromosomes. The genetically identical chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell .
Telophase:
Once the two chromosome sets arrive at the poles, spindle fibers dissolve and chromosomes decondense, becoming invisible under light microscopes. Nuclear membranes reform around each chromosome set , and cytokinesis occurs concurrently, splitting the cell into two separate cells.
What is the Dependent Variable?
Answer:
pitcher with the same velocity