The duration of each phase of cell division is :- Interphase = 8 hours 27 minutes, Prophase = 46 minutes, Metaphase = 6 minutes, and Anaphase = 15 minutes
Cell division refers to the process by which individual cells grow and divide to produce two daughter cells. There are four stages of cell division. They are given below as follows:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase.
The percentage of cells is given below as follows:
Interphase: 84.5%
Prophase: 7.7%
Metaphase: 1%
Anaphase: 2.5
The duration of each phase of the cell cycle will be:
Interphase: 84.5% * 10 hours = 8 hours 27 minutes
Prophase: 7.7% * 10 hours = 46 minutes
Metaphase: 1% * 10 hours = 6 minutes
Anaphase: 2.5% * 10 hours = 15 minutes
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convert food into energy. they are found in plant and animal cells
Mitochondria convert food into energy through the process of cellular respiration.
In both plant and animal cells, the energy produced by the mitochondria is used to power various cellular processes such as protein synthesis, transport, and movement. Mitochondria are commonly known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, as they are responsible for generating the majority of the cell's ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells.
By using the energy created during the oxidation of the food we eat, oxidative phosphorylation—the traditional function of mitochondria—generates ATP. Most biochemical and physiological processes, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, all require ATP as their principal energy source.
The blank is the mitochondria.
The complete question is:-
The *blank* converts food into energy. It is found in both plant cells and animal cells.
what is the *blank*?
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Explain : The chloroplast in corn plant appears under the light microscope as a convex lens
Under a light microscope, corn plant chloroplasts can be seen as convex lenses. This is due to their double membrane surrounding a stroma, which contains various organelles including thylakoids, granum, and more.
The curved, dome-like shape of the chloroplasts is created by the thylakoids, which are arranged in a way that allows the plant to absorb light in order to photosynthesize.
The pigments within the chloroplasts give them their green color, which can be seen under a microscope. The convex lens-like shape of the chloroplasts is essential for the plant to convert light energy into chemical energy and carry out photosynthesis.
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What structural features differentiate polysaccharides from polypeptides and nucleic acids?
Polysaccharides are molecules formed of sugar monomers such as glucose, galactose, fructose, and so on, whereas polypeptides are molecules built of amino acids, and these amino acids are of 20 various sorts.
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or macromolecules, that are necessary for all known forms of life. Nucleotides are monomers made up of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two primary types of nucleic acids (RNA). The polymer is RNA if the sugar is ribose; DNA if the sugar is the ribose derivative deoxyribose.
Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical substances that function as the principal information-carrying molecules in organisms and comprise the genetic material.
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which is one of the primary goals of the human genome project
The human genome project's major objective is to discover the 20,000 to 25,000 genes that form the human genome.
What is THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT?
HGP is a scientific research project that successfully sequenced the whole human genome of 3.3 billion base pairs in 2003.
The following are the particular aims of the human genome project:
Analysis of data optimization.The complete genome is being sequenced.The full human genome has been identified.To hold the data, genomic sequence databases are being created.Taking care of any legal, ethical, or societal difficulties that may arise as a result of the projectAs a result, the human genome project's major objective is to discover the 20,000 to 25,000 genes that form the human genome.
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studocu which unknown(s) contained a lipid? which unknown(s) contained starch? draw the chemical structure of a carbohydrate and a lipid of your choice. name the structures you draw. why was water used as a negative control in the experiments in this lab?
1. Arachidonic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, and Palmitoleic acid are a few of the molecules that contain a lipid.
2. Rice, wheat, and maize are examples of substances that contain starch.
3. Cellulose makes up a carbohydrate.
For the majority of bodily metabolic functions, glucose, a type of carbohydrate, serves as the primary energy source. Lipids are a key source of energy and offer critical fatty acids for brain development. The non-nitrogen energy in parenteral nutrition is provided by lipids and carbohydrates together (PN).
Carbs and lipids vary primarily in that lipids are not water soluble while carbohydrates are. Both lipids and carbohydrates have the capacity to store energy, but only carbohydrates have the ability to form polymers due to their greater water solubility.
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select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
Sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration is, Glycolysis ---> acetyl CoA ---> citric acid cycle ---> electron transport chain. Hence, the correct option is (2).
The process through which cells transform glucose (a sugar) into energy in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration (adenosine triphosphate). The "powerhouses" of the cell, the mitochondria, are where the process happens. Most frequently, cellular respiration happens at these stages:
Step 1. Glycolysis: In the cytoplasm of the cell, this is the first stage of cellular respiration. A tiny quantity of energy in the form of ATP and NADH is released when a glucose molecule is divided into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis.
Step 2. Acetyl-CoA: pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and NADH
Step 3. Citric acid cycle: Acetyl-CoA enters the mitochondria and enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. During the Krebs cycle, the acetyl-CoA is broken down further, releasing more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide).
Step 4. Electron Transport Chain: The electron transport chain, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is where NADH and FADH2 distribute their electrons. A proton gradient is produced by the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the electrons as they pass through a succession of protein complexes. A procedure known as oxidative phosphorylation is employed to produce ATP using the energy from this gradient.
In conclusion, glucose is broken down into a series of processes that release energy in the form of ATP during cellular respiration. The end result is CO2 and water.
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Question - select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
1) electron transport chain ----> citric acid cycle ---> glycolysis ---> acetyl CoA
2. glycolysis ---> acetyl CoA ---> citric acid cycle ---> electron transport chain
3. citric acid cycle ----> electron transport chain ---> glycolysis ----> acetyl CoA
4. acetyl CoA ---> citric acid cycle ---> electron transport chain ---> glycolysis
students are studying the levels of organization in the human body. would you describe the kidney?
Answer:
The kidney is an organ that is part of the renal system, which is responsible for filtering the blood and removing waste and toxins from the body. The structure of the kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, which are separated by the renal capsule. The cortex is composed of nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtration and reabsorption. The medulla is composed of a series of tubules and collecting ducts which are responsible for collecting and transporting the filtered fluid. The kidney is essential for maintaining the body's fluid balance and regulating the levels of electrolytes, hormones, and other substances in the body.
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what strructures can be seen during the interphase
Answer:
The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus.
Explanation:
The stuff around the nucleoil contained within the envelope is DNA. I see that u are new. Welcome to brainly.
what can a dna microarray teach us about oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
DNA microarray technology is a powerful tool that can be used to study the genetic changes that occur in cancer cells.
It allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single sample.
With respect to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, DNA microarrays can provide information about which of these genes are overexpressed or underexpressed in cancer cells compared to normal cells.
Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they are activated (turned on) inappropriately. DNA microarray analysis can identify which oncogenes are overexpressed in particular cancer and this information can be used to develop targeted therapies that block the activity of these oncogenes.
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During which stage of Prophase I, does the crossing over takes place ?
A. Homologous chromosomes
B. Sister chromatids
C. Cross overs
D. Parental chromosomes
During Homologous chromosomes stage of Prophase I, does the crossing over takes place. In essence, prophase 1 is the recombination and crossing over of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.
The same genes are present along the chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes in the same order. A homologous chromosome's length of chromosomal arms and centromere location are its two primary characteristics. In order to align properly, the actual arm length must match the positions of the genes. Four major configurations—metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric—can be used to describe centromere positioning on a chromosome. The main causes of structural homology between chromosomes are both of these characteristics, i.e., the distance between centromeres and the length of chromosomal arms. Consequently, when two chromosomes with a similar structural make-up exist.
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non-coding
regulatory region
Which three questions should the scientists investigate in order to better understand the reason that some stickleback fish have pelvic spines and some do not?
O
How does the non-coding regulatory region affect Pib1?
Are there differences between the Pitx1 gene in fish with and without pelvic spines?
How did the scientists figure out that Pitx1 is related to the development of pelvic spines in stickleback fish?
Are there differences between the non-coding regulatory region in fish with and without pelvic spines?
Pelvic spines provide stickleback fish with a defense against such predators
Why do some sticklebacks lack pelvic spines?Some stickleback populations lack pelvic spines as a protective adaptation. There are some predators that can grab sticklebacks by their pelvic spines. Not having a pelvic spine makes it more difficult for predators to grad and eat sticklebacks."But other predators like dragonfly larvae can grab sticklebacks by the spines, reel them in and eat them. They wait for sticklebacks to swim by and grab them." So some lake stickleback populations evolved without pelvises and pelvic spines because those without pelvic spines were more likely to surviveSince the first generation of stickleback fish must have a heterozygous genotype (Ff) [bred between pure-breeding pelvic spine fish and pure- breeding no pelvic spine fish], this indicates that the “grow-a-pelvic-spine-allele” is dominant.To learn more about sticklebacks lack pelvic spines refers to:
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Even before the structure of DNA was known, studies indicated that the genetic material must have the following properties:
• be able to store information
• be consistently replicated between generations
• be able to allow for changes, and thus evolution, to occur
Explain how the structure of DNA gives it these three properties. Write one or two sentences per property.
The structure of DNA gives it the ability to store information through its double helix structure, which consists of a sequence of nucleotides that can store genetic information
What is DNA?DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a long, double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of all living organisms. It is made up of four types of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
The sequence of these nucleotides determines the genetic information of an organism, and it is passed on from one generation to the next through the process of DNA replication. The structure of DNA is a double helix, with the two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
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What protects human subjects in a study and limits the types of procedures that can be performed on them?
Common Rule regulations protects human subjects in a study and limits the types of procedures that can be performed on them.
Under the Common Rule regulations, all 17 Government entities that do studies work humans are led by the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). The Office has regulatory jurisdiction over institutional ethics boards' policies and practises as well as the security of human subjects in research.
A key tool for institutional protection of human subjects is the IRB. An IRB is intended to represent both actual and potential study subjects. Humans are used as test subjects in human subject research, which is a methodical, scientific examination that may be experimental or descriptive.
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what body system provides active defense against pathogens
The immune system protects your kid's frame from outdoor invaders. These encompass germs which include bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins (chemical substances made through microbes).
The immune system is made up of various organs, cells, and proteins that paintings together. The immune gadget has a essential role: It protects your frame from dangerous substances, germs and cell modifications that would make you ill. It is made from numerous organs, cells and proteins. The immune system may be activated through plenty of various things that the body doesn’t understand as its own. These are referred to as antigens. Examples of antigens encompass the proteins at the surfaces of bacteria, fungi and viruses.
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which of the following best describes the definition of a eukaryote
Answer:
contains a membrane-bound nucleus
hundreds of species of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and plants have evolved resistance to a wide variety of insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and herbicides. how have humans affected the evolution of these species?
Hundreds of species of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and plants have evolved resistance to a wide variety of insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and herbicides.
This can be due to the following reasons:
MutationsBetter health practicesNo new species are evolving therefore the old ones are evolving by natural selection.They are becoming resistant.Now by considering the fact that if different species of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses evolves and becomes resistant to various insecticides, fungicides, as well as antibiotics as we are using repeatedly against them then it will not work against them. Therefore those species of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses will be harmful to the humans like before. Therefore we need to develop newer insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and herbicides after using for a certain span of time of using it and we should not use them unnecessarily.
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The contraction of the heart follows which sequence? The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, then left ventricle The left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, then right ventricle Both atria contract together, then both ventricles contract together All four chambers contract at the same time.
The cardiac cycle begins with atrial systole and continues through ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole before restarting.
The SA node starts the process, which causes the atrial muscles to contract. Doctors occasionally refer to it as the anatomical pacemaker because of this. Before the signal causes the ventricles to contract, it first travels through the Purkinje fibres, the bundle of HIS, the bundle branches, and the AV node. Analysis shows that the right and left ventricles move immediately, followed by the septum and apex of the heart being mechanically moved. These findings open the door for more extensive research and are in line with the concept that the helical myocardium is activated.
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What is the process called where the infected cell bursts open and releases the virus?
Answer: The process where an infected cell bursts open and releases virus particles is called lysis.
Explanation:
Cell bursting, also known as lysis, produces hundreds of new phages that can infect additional host cells nearby. The steps of the lytic cycle are as follows: Attachment: Proteins in the phage's "tail" attached to a particular receptor (in this example, a sugar transporter) on the bacterial cell's surface.
What is the polysaccharide that is found in plant and functions as structural support?
Polysaccharide which is found in plant and functions as structural support is cellulose.
Cellulose is a natural compound with the equation (C₆H₁₂O₆) , a polysaccharide comprising of a straight chain of a few hundred to a large number of β(1→4) connected D-glucose units.Cellulose is a significant underlying part of the essential cell mass of green plants, many types of green growth and the oomycetes. A few types of microorganisms discharge it to shape biofilms.Cellulose is the most plentiful natural polymer on Earth.The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40-half, and that of dried hemp is roughly 57%.
Cellulose is mostly used to deliver paperboard and paper. More modest amounts are changed over into a wide assortment of subsidiary items like cellophane and rayon. Change of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels, for example, cellulosic ethanol is being worked on as an inexhaustible fuel source. Cellulose for modern use is essentially acquired from wood mash and cotton.
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portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and spinal cord, it is called ____
Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and spinal cord, it is called peripheral nervous system
The nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system. These nerves serve as a link between the CNS and the rest of the body. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are subsets of the peripheral nervous system.
What are the three main components of the peripheral nervous system?Parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord are referred to as the peripheral nervous system. The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions are all included.
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which of the statements are reasons why rhinoceroses would be a poor choice as model organisms for studying breast cancer? they are needlessly large when smaller, more easily handled organisms, such as mice, are available. they produce very few offspring at a time and thus require a lot of time to collect meaningful data. they do not get breast cancer are thus inappropriate models for breast cancer research. they are inappropriate for experimental manipulation because they are an endangered species
The statement "They are needlessly large when smaller, more easily handled organisms, such as mice, are available" is a reason why rhinoceroses would be a poor choice as model organisms for studying breast cancer.
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow and divide uncontrollably. It can affect any part of the body, and is caused by changes to the DNA in the cells. These changes can occur due to environmental factors such as smoking, exposure to UV rays, and certain chemicals, or they can be inherited. The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, and can interfere with the body's normal functioning. Treatment of cancer typically involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
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What are the 3 types of variation that take place during meiosis?
Each cell division cycle results in the production of four daughter cells. The daughter cells are identical in shape and size to the mother cell but differ in chromosomal number. The daughter cells are haploid in nature.
Meiosis involves recombination and segregation. Meiosis also causes genetic variation through the recombination process. This variety is boosted further when two gametes combine during fertilization, resulting in offspring with unique DNA combinations.
We are left with four haploid cells; each one genetically different from each other and the parent cell.
Variation in Genetics
Passing through (in prophase I)A haphazard collection of chromosomes (in metaphase I)Fusion of gametes from various parents at random.Learn more about to Meiosis
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patterns of inheritance problems monohybrid crosses
In a monohybrid cross, an organism is crossed for a single trait that is controlled by one gene. The genes for this trait can exist in different variations, known as alleles.
For example, in a monohybrid cross involving the gene for seed color in pea plants, the dominant allele (T) codes for tall plants, and the recessive allele (t) codes for short plants. A monohybrid cross between a tall plant (TT) and a short plant (tt) would result in all tall plants (Tt) in the first generation (F1). this is an illustration of Mendel's Law Of Dominance. Monohybrid crosses can also be used to understand Mendel's Law of Segregation, which states that the two alleles for a trait segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes and randomly come together during fertilization.
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A scientist is developing a computer model to determine the maximum population size, or
Choose...
, of eagles and other birds of prey in a forest ecosystem. The model should represent all of the
Choose...
that affect the populations.
To determine the maximum population size or choice of eagles and other birds of prey in a forest ecosystem, the model should represent carrying capacity, and limiting factors.
How do limiting factors affect carrying capacity?Every ecosystem has limiting elements that prevent populations from growing out of control, such as the availability of food or the effects of illness and predation.
The carrying capacity of an ecosystem, or the largest population that an ecosystem can sustain given all of its resources, is determined by several limiting constraints.
Therefore, the model represents carrying capacity.
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Which relationship is true of an uncharged atom?
Answer: the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Explanation:
given the observed f2 data shown here from a typical three point linkage mapping cross, what is the distance between the roof and vestigial genes?
The map distance between the roof gene and the vestigial gene is 14.2 map units.
Morgan suspects that the frequency of crossing-over values is largely determined by the distance between genes. The possibility of crossing over between two genes is greater than the distance between the genes.
Cinnabar, vestigial, and roof are the three mutations of Drosophila. Let cinnabar be represented as a vestigial as vg, and roof as rf. Wild type can be described as cn⁺, vs⁺, rf⁺. In the given question, alleles other than those named as mutations will be wild-type.
The maximum number of offspring indicates the parental type. Thus, serial numbers 1 and 2 represent the type of parents. The parent genotypes are cn vs rf⁺ and cn⁺ vs⁺ rf
Map distance between 2 genes (map units) = recombinant frequency 100
recombinant frequency = Number of recombinants / Total number of offspring
Mapping the distance between vs and rf genes:
The recombinant that arises from a cross between the vs and cn genes will show a combination of vs rf and vs⁺ rf⁺.
Number of recombinants = S. No 3 + 4 + 7 + 8 = 63 + 72 + 4 + 3 = 142
Number of individuals = 384 + 408 + 63 + 72 + 32 + 34 + 4 + 3 = 1000
Map distance between gene vs and in = [142/1000] 100 = 14.2 map units
So, the answer is "14.2 map units".
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If the mass population is growing at 1.5% per year, how many years will it take for the population to double in size?
Explanation:
The formula to determine the time it takes for a population to double in size is given by:
T = 70 / r
where T is the time in years, and r is the growth rate as a decimal.
Given a growth rate of 1.5%, we can convert it to a decimal by dividing by 100:
r = 1.5 / 100 = 0.015
Now we can use the formula to calculate the time it takes for the population to double:
T = 70 / 0.015 = 4667 years
So it would take approximately 4667 years for a population growing at 1.5% per year to double in size.
Neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, directing body actions. True or False?
True. Neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, directing body actions.
Motor Neurons - Direct bodily activities by transmitting signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. Interneurons are neurons that construct bridges between other neurons to send impulses.
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses. Neuroglia are support cells. A neuron is made up of three parts: a cell body or soma, one or more afferent processes known as dendrites, and a single efferent process known as an axon. The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
The nerve cell, or neuron, is the central component of nervous system action. It transmits data both electrically and chemically. Information is transmitted within the neuron through the passage of an electrical charge (i.e., impulse).
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What part of the cell forms a barrier to the outside environment?
a cytoskeleton
b cytosol
c cytoplasm
d cell membrane
A barrier between the cell and the outside world is created by the cell membrane. The right response in this case is option D.
Cell membranes act as boundaries and checkpoints. Some compounds can diffuse over the lipid bilayer due to their semi-permeability, but others cannot. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as small hydrophobic compounds, readily pass through the membrane.
All cells' interiors are protected from the outside world by a biological barrier called the cell membrane.
Like all cellular membranes, the plasma membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. The fundamental structural element of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms an impermanent barrier between two aqueous compartments.
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What two cells are responsible for bone remodeling explain their function?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts cells are responsible for bone remodeling.
Osteoblasts are bone cells that originate from osteochondral progenitor cells and are responsible for the ossification process, which is the process by which bone is formed. Osteoblasts are responsible for the development of new layers of bone. They accomplish this by generating a matrix that covers the surface of older bone. After this, the bone matrix wraps itself around the osteoblast cells, which eventually mature into osteocytes, another name for mature bone cells.
The osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are responsible for the destruction of the bone matrix, while the osteoblasts are cells that have osteogenic capabilities. Bone remodeling is dependent on the osteoclasts and osteoblasts of the bone tissue correctly functioning.
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