John's plant reproduced by vegetative reproduction, and is genetically identical to the plant in Leah's garden.
Vegetative reproduction is any type of asexual reproduction that takes place in plants and involves the growth of a new plant from a piece of the parent plant or a specially designed reproductive structure (such as a stolon, rhizome, tuber, corm, or bulb). The two kinds of vegetative reproduction are as follows: Reproduction by stem, leaf, and root are all natural vegetative methods. Cutting, layering, grafting, and micro-propagation are all types of artificial vegetative propagation. When a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm and divides into two after fertilization, the outcome is identical twins, also known as monozygotic twins. Twins that are identical have the same genomes and are always the same sex.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
c) Plants
Explanation:
We can conclude that plant is the producer from the given picture. Therefore, the option (c) is the correct answer.
Answer:
c: plants
Explanation:
producers are any green plants and they are capable of creating of their own food
Hopes this helps please mark brainliest
Use this model to describe unobservable relationships
I don't completely comprehend what you are asking for, but I will try my best to answer your question. First, we can notice that there are two bonds between Adenine and Thymine, while there are 3 bonds between Guanine and Cytosine. This suggests that bonded Guanine and Cytosine pairs are stronger than bonded Adenine and Thymine pairs. Additionally, we can conclude that Adenine and Cytosine are both purines, as in the model, both bases are depicted with a 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring, which is what defines a purine. On the other hand, Thymine and Cytosine are both pyrimidines since, in the model, they are depicted with only one 6-membered ring, which is what defines a pyrimidine.
which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption? multiple choice end products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver. disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells. maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver. monosaccharides can enter the villi.
In relation with carbohydrate absorption the correct statement is- maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
The correct option is c.
Complex carbohydrates are first broken down into oligosaccharides by stomach and salivary enzymes, which are subsequently hydrolyzed to monosaccharides by particular disaccharidases situated at the enterocyte brush boundary.
The small intestine is where carbohydrates are chemically broken down instead of the stomach. The disaccharidases and pancreatic amylase complete the chemical cleavage of digestible carbs. The liver receives the monosaccharides once they are absorbed into the circulation.
Dietary lactose, sucrose, and maltose—all of which are sugars—diffuse in the small intestinal lumen and come into contact with the absorptive epithelial cells that line the villi. There, they interact with brush border hydrolases, which break down the sugars into two molecules of glucose by the enzyme maltase.
The complete question is:
Which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption? multiple choice
a. end products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver.
b. disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells.
c. maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
d. monosaccharides can enter the villi.
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carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (cccp) is an ionophore that allows the free passage of protons through membranes and is a metabolic poison of mitochondria. a researcher tested cccp on the green alga hydrodictyon africanum. results showed that co2 fixation was severely inhibited, whereas o2 release and production of nadph were only mildly affected. what is the most likely explanation of the results for the inhibition of carbon fixation?
The most likely explanation of the results for the inhibition of carbon fixation is CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the mitochondrial membrane.
What is CCCP?Cаrbonylcyаnide-3-chlorophenylhydrаzone (CCCP) is а protonophore, which cаuses uncoupling of proton grаdient in the inner mitochondriаl membrаne, thus inhibiting the rаte of АTP synthesis. However, this informаtion is mаnly derived from mаmmаls, while its effects on the mitochondriаl homeostаsis of аquаtic аnimаls аre lаrgely unknown.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were
A. CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the mitochondrial membrane.
B. CCCP inhibits the splitting of water at the thylakoid membrane.
C. CCCP inhibits the flow of electrons at the mitochondrial membrane.
D. CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the thylakoid membrane.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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what are the requirements for photosynthesis to occur? 2) why do some trees appear green during the spring and summer, but then red / orange / yellow in the fall? 3) what are two factors that cause pigments to move at different rates during paper chromatography?
Which of the following most accurately represents the relationship between externalities and agricultural economics?
externalities, like ecological services, are considered to be “free” and of no economic concern to the grower
externalities are a net positive to communities due to the extra employment that results from the need to remediate them
there is increasing pressure on growers to reduce their production costs by using methods that increase externalities
there is increasing pressure to include the cost of externalities in evaluations of the economy of agriculture
Answer:
D. There is increasing pressure to include the cost of externalities in evaluations of the economy of agriculture
Explanation:
You want to know an accurate representation of the relationship between externalities and agricultural economics.
ExternalitiesExternalities are costs or benefits that accrue to third parties not involved in the production or use of products of agriculture. They include impacts on natural resources, wildlife and ecosystem biodiversity, and human health, among others. A 2004 study estimated the costs in these areas in the US to be between $29 and $96 per hectare of cropland.
These costs are borne by society at large, and are rarely charged back to farmers or agricultural supply companies.
AwarenessAs public awareness increases regarding these costs, pressure tends to be put on growers and livestock suppliers, and their suppliers, to reduce the adverse effects of their operations. That is ...
... there is increasing pressure to include the cost of externalities in evaluations of the economy of agriculture
What molecule in cells provides the immediate energy needed for biochemical reactions?.
Molecule in cells provides the immediate energy needed for biochemical reactions is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
Understanding ATPATP is soluble in water because it has phosphatehydride bonds. The phosphatehydride bond of ATP is very unstable, easy to break but easy to reconnect.
This is why ATP can immediately release large amounts of energy when it is needed very quickly. This allows us to move the body quickly without any pause between the mind moving and the movement itself.
ATP formationATP is formed from the glycolysis process that takes place in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are cell organelles that have an internal membrane where glycolysis takes place.
Glycolysis is the reaction of breaking down glucose from food into pyruvic acid and ATP. The pyruvic acid is further broken down to produce ATP and tricarboxylic acid.
ATP is produced according to the amount of food that enters the body, and can be used up when used to move. When you exercise, the amount of ATP used by the body is more than when you only play with your cellphone.
This is why we feel tired after exercise, because the ATP in the body must be replenished with food.
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in the absence of oxygen, the process of occurs to regenerate nad so that atp production in can continue.
Only glycolysis can convert glucose into ATP in the absence of oxygen. But since glycolysis produces NADH, it must be converted back into it in order to carry on metabolizing glucose.
What takes place during glycolysis?The method by which glucose is metabolized to release energy is known as glycolysis. It generates ATP, NADH, water, and two pyruvate molecules. It doesn't require oxygen to take place because it happens in the cytoplasm of a cell. In both anaerobic and aerobic organisms, it happens.
What are the principal purposes of glycolysis?Sugar molecules are broken down during glycolysis to release energy needed for cellular metabolism. The cell's cytoplasm is where it takes place. The primary goal of glycolysis is to create countless ATP molecules, which are then used for different types of cellular metabolism.
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Why were Cynognathus fossils were important to Wegener's theory?
A They were found on lands now separated by a wide ocean
B They were the oldest fossil found at the time.
C They were found on lands joined together today.
D They were discovered in Antarctica and Africa.
What did Alfred Wegener try to prove with fossil evidence?
A that Earth is almost 5 billion years old
B that Earth is round, not flat
C that Earth once had no continents
D that Earth's landmasses move over time
Cynognathus fossils were important to Wegener's theory They were found on lands now separated by a wide ocean .
Cynognathus fossils are an important evidence for Wegener's theory as these were present over lands that are now separated by a wide ocean They also have iron particles that were present with in the Earth's magnetic field.
The important evidence that strongly supported the Theory of Continental Drift is the fossil record. Fossils record carries the evidence of similar types of plants and animals present on rocks of a similar age on the shores of different continents, suggesting that the continents were joined together.
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agarose is a polysaccharide polymer that is used for electrophoresis. polyacrylamide is a more porous or highly cross-linked gel that provides a higher resolution of smaller fragments and single-stranded molecules. what is the health concern with its powder form?
The powder form of polyacrylamide is neurotoxic in nature.
Polyacrylamide is a polymer of Acrylamide (ACR).
At room temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is a crystalline solid with the chemical formula C3H5NO and a molecular weight of 71.08. ACR is used in a variety of chemical and industrial processes in its monomeric form, which is a water-soluble powder.
Acrylamide (ACR) monomer is neurotoxic in humans and laboratory animals. This chemical's subchronic exposure results in neuropathies, numbness in the hands and feet, aberrant gait patterns, muscular weakness, ataxia, skin changes, and, in rare cases, cerebellar changes. Because of damage to the nerve terminal caused by membrane fusion processes and tubulovesicular changes, Acrylamide (ACR) neurotoxicity primarily affects the peripheral but also the central nervous system.
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Explore the biotic and abiotic factors of this system in the Factors menu, including the definitions of how
these factors are measured. Describe the difference between how the fishes are counted and how the
algae and coral are counted.
In ecology, biotic and abiotic elements refer to all living and nonliving components of an ecosystem. Biotic variables are related to living creatures and their interactions. Abiotic variables are non-living ecosystem components such as sunshine, water, temperature, wind, and nutrients.
The fish are estimated within a certain area while the coral and algae are calculated by seeing how many algae and coral cover the reef.
What are the benefits of Abiotic Factors to the Factors Menu?Abiotic variables are non-living elements of the environment that have a significant impact on living organisms. They can assist in determining how tall trees grow, where animals and plants live, and why birds migrate. Water, sunshine, oxygen, soil, and temperature are the most significant abiotic variables.
Abiotic variables are the ecosystem's non-living components, which include chemical and physical elements. Abiotic variables have an impact on other abiotic factors.
Furthermore, they have a significant influence on the diversity and quantity of life in an ecosystem, whether on land or in water. Living creatures would be unable to consume, develop, or reproduce without the presence of abiotic forces. The following is a list of some of the most important abiotic elements.
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stress activates two systems. one is the: group of answer choices hpa axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors hpa axis, which reacts more quickly than the autonomic nervous system autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone acth autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone cortisol
Regarding the nervous system, stress will cause the sympathetic nervous system to become active, which in turn causes the adrenal glands to become active. After the acute stress-induced crisis has passed, the parasympathetic nervous system aids in the body's recuperation.
What is autonomic nervous system ?the area of the neurological system in charge of hormone production and glandular and muscle movements in internal organs (including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and intestines) (such as salivary glands and sweat glands).
Circulation and heart systems: The autonomic nervous system regulates blood vessel size and the rate and force with which your heart beats. Your autonomic system uses those skills to assist regulate your blood pressure and heart rate.
The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus is the primary brain region responsible for the autonomic nervous system's central regulation.
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dna and mrna synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices the number of hydroxyl groups attached the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
The 5' and 3' refer to c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone.
DNA and mRNA are made from nucleotide bases, a phosphate group, and a sugar backbone.
There are two strands of DNA, and one of them is in the 5' to 3' direction. The other is in the 3' to 5' direction. This means that the position of the carbon that is free in the sugar backbones is either 5' for one strand and 3' for the other strand.
However, replication occurs only in the 5' to 3' direction. This is because the DNA polymerase can work only in this direction. For the other strand, referred to as the lagging strand, Okazaki fragments are formed.
Your question will correctly be written as:
DNA and mRNA synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices
a) the number of hydroxyl groups attached
b)the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases
c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone
d) the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
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a study of several pedigrees demonstrates that two parents are normal. if some of their children express a trait, then the trait is controlled by a:
The trait is controlled by a recessive gene. It refers to a characteristic that only be seen in homozygous individuals, hidden by other inherited qualities but survives in populations of heterozygous individuals.
When a characteristic is recessive, both of the (recessive) alleles of the gene that causes the trait must be present for the trait to manifest. This is in contrast to a dominant characteristic, which can only be expressed when one of the two alleles is present. A pedigree reveals the connections between family members and identifies the members of a family who have particular recessive genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases as well as their current health. A family's pedigree can reveal how diseases are passed down through the generations.
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Fill in the blank:
The 5’ end of DNA has the ______ sticking out towards the bone
what sequence of events is shared among dna mismatch repair, nucleotide excision and base excision pathways?
Nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, double-strand break repair, and damage reversal are some of the mechanisms for repairing DNA damage.
What a nucleotide looks like in practise.The basic unit of a nucleic acid is assumed to be a nucleotide (e.g. DNA and RNA). A nucleic acid is a member of the major classes of macromolecules (the others are carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids).
What are the main functions of nucleotides?Nucleotides have a variety of functions in animal physiology, including those of energy storage, transporters of active intermediates for biosynthesis, architectural moieties for coenzymes, & metabolic regulators.
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Give an example of temporal isolation and explain how temporal isolation is preventing reproduction within the population.
Various cicada species erupt to reproduce at various times. A prime example of temporal isolation is this. The frog species Rana aurora and Rana boylii exhibit temporal isolation as a result of variations in seasonal breeding. Although both species live in the same geographic areas, their mating seasons are different.
What is temporal isolation ?When many species reproduce at various periods, there is a condition known as temporal isolation. Three different orchid species, for instance, coexist in the same rain forest. Every species contains flowers that only bloom for a single day and need to be pollinated on that day in order to generate seeds.
Due to differences in fertility or mating timing, such as having various mating seasons, species cannot interbreed due to temporal isolation. Due to different mating practises or rituals, behavioural isolation prevents species from interbreeding.Learn more about Temporal isolation here:
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which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids? which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids? gastric lipase lingual lipase bile pancreatic lipase
In order to enzymatically digest lipid molecules, the digestive process first breaks those huge droplets of fat into smaller droplets using lipases, an enzyme.
What specific enzymes are involved in the breakdown of lipids?Enzymes known as lipases are present in pancreatic juice (enzymes that break down lipids). Lipases have relatively limited surface area to work with when the lipid in the chyme clumps into big globules, rendering lipid digestion ineffective.
Which enzyme, according to this quizlet, digests lipids most frequently?Triglyceride digestion takes place mostly in the small intestine, where bile and pancreatic lipase work to break down the fats into forms that may be absorbed.
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The carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis can be stored as starch in the leaf. A plant with variegated leaves used up its store of starch because it was placed in the dark. Explain why the plant used up its store of starch when it was placed in the darkThe carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis can be stored as starch in the leaf. A plant with variegated leaves used up its store of starch because it was placed in the dark. Explain why the plant used up its store of starch when it was placed in the dark
Mark all of the terms that are related to the structure of DNA.
a
ribonucleic acid
b
guanine
c
double helix
d
hydrogen bonds
e
thymine
f
single helix
g
adenine
h
deoxyribonucleic acid
i
cytosine
j
uracil
humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). how many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). how many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 1 2 3 4 5
Human gamete is haploid i.e. it contains 23 chromosomes or single set of chromosomes
A cell of an organism is said to be haploid if it only has one pair of chromosomes. All creatures that reproduce sexually are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). Only the egg and sperm cells are haploid in humans .A haploid cell only contains one pair of chromosomes. Human cells are typically diploid (two copies of each chromosome) as opposed to haploid (one copy of each chromosome). Meiosis, a specific type of cell division where the genetic material of the parent cell is broken up twice, is how the egg and sperm cells are created in humans. As a result, these haploid cells have just one pair of chromosomes. The genetic material is united in the zygote cell that results from sperm fertilizing an egg. In other words, two distinct haploid cells with one set of chromosomes each combine to form a single diploid cell with two sets of chromosomes. In the end, the zygote cell develops into a new individual.
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small bundles of lymphoid tissues lining the walls of the intestine to protect against invading organisms are called .
Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid nodules,
Peyer's patches are a component of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Microscopically, Peyer's patches can be seen appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles.
Named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer.
They are found all through the ileum area of the small intestine. ileum is the last area of small intestine.
majority people have between 30 and 40 Peyer’s patches and younger people have more than older people.
Peyer patches have variety of immune cells which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells.
there are also M cells near to Peyer patches, these M cells feed antigens to the macrophages.
Peyer patches function as, if any antigen is a harmful pathogen, the T cells and B cells in the Peyer’s patches signal your immune system to attack and destroy it
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The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because neurohormones, not as neurotransmitters.
The medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and is concerned with the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal medulla is a glandular extension of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated in response to stress or threat, the medulla oblongata releases two substances, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, into the bloodstream. Each stimulates a target organ in the same way, but adrenaline is removed from the bloodstream more slowly and its effects last longer, increasing the metabolic rate to produce more energy.
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when atp is abundant, which processes are likely to occur? choose one or more: gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogen synthesis glycogen breakdown mobilization of fats
The process which happens when ATP is abundant is the process of gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis.
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate sources, the most important raw materials being pyruvic acid or oxaloacetate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When the intake of carbs from food is insufficient for the needs of the body, the body will turn glucose into energy to meet the needs of the body.
Glycogen synthesis: is the process of glycogen formation from sugar. When there is an increase in blood sugar, the insulin hormone will facilitate the glucose in the blood to store in the liver and muscle cells as energy reserve.
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homologous structures such as mammalian forelimbs and bird wings share same anatomy and ancestry but perform different functions. this is a result of
Divergent. The arrangement and structure of the bones are strikingly similar. Therefore, it makes sense to infer that they are related to one another by ancestor form.
What about homologous structures?Homologous structures are similar physical traits present in species with a common ancestor, despite the fact that these traits serve fundamentally different biological functions.Examples of homologous structures include the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.The human arm, a bird or bat's wing, a dog's leg, a dolphin or whale's flipper, and a bird or a bat's wing are examples of homologous structures.Organs or skeletal components of animals and organisms that are homologous reveal a relationship to a common ancestor because of their similarities. The appearance and purpose of these structures need not be identical. Excellent examples of homologous structures include a person's arms and a bat's wings. People and bats share a common ancestor because they are both mammals. A bat wing's and a human arm's internal bone structures are remarkably similar, despite the fact that they look very different from the outside. It is an illustration of a bone or organ with similar underlying anatomical traits that can be found in other animals. These structures provide evidence for evolution and support the theory that all creatures share a common ancestor.Learn more about homologous structures here:
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a change in bowel habits prompts a 53-year-old woman to see her physician. on physical examination there are no lesions noted on digital rectal examination, but her stool is positive for occult blood. a colonoscopy is performed and reveals a 6 cm friable mass inthe cecum. a biopsy of this mass is performed and microscopic examination shows a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. after resection of the tumor, the oncologist begins treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. 5-fu not only kills tumor cells but also rapidly growing cells of the immune system and intestine. what is the mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells?
The mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells is K-RAS mutation in the neoplastic cells.
An abnormal mass of tissue that paperwork whilst cells grow and divide extra than they need to or do no longer die once they have to. Tumors may be benign (not most cancers) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors may also grow big however do not spread into, or invade, close by tissues or different parts of the frame.
There are three primary styles of tumor:
1) Benign: these tumors are not cancerous. They do no longer invade close by tissue or spread to other parts of the frame. ...
2) Premalignant: In these tumors, the cells aren't but cancerous, however they could doubtlessly end up malignant.
3) Malignant: Malignant tumors are cancerous.
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e large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of: being able to produce unique antibodies from both the maternal and paternal alleles. secreting multiple antibodies that will be presented on the surface of other b cells. making a unique antibody from all other b cells by genomic rearrangement. making multiple unique anti
The large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of a single B cell: (3) making a unique antibody from all other B cells by genomic rearrangement.
Antibodies are the proteinaceous structures that form an essential part of the immune system. Each antibody is Y shaped structure that consists if 2 small light chains and 2 heavy chains. They are joined together by disulfide bonds. They are produced by the B cells.
B cells are also called the b lymphocytes that are a type of white blood cells. They provide humoral adaptive immunity to the body. The B cells are developed as well as matured inside the bone marrow.
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what is the primary function of the calvin cycle? group of answer choices to produce carbon dioxide for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis to regenerate atp for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis to produce oxygen by oxidizing water to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide
The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide. Option D.
The function of the Calvin Cycle is to create three-carbon sugars that plants can use to build other sugars such as glucose starch and cellulose that they use as structural building materials. It takes it directly and turns it into plant matter.
The basic function of the Calvin cycle is to convert solar energy into chemical energy. A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide to glucose. carbon fixation. Carbon uptake from carbon dioxide into organic compounds by autotrophs. It is the cycle of chemical reactions that binds carbon from the carbon cycle to sugars. It is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
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in mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons froma) the stroma to the photosystem ii.b) the matrix to the stroma.c) the stroma to the thylakoid space.d) the intermembrane space to the matrix.e) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.
Chloroplast is the inexperienced organelle withinside the flora wherein photosynthesis occurs, via which flora made meals autotrophically through photosynthesis.Chemiosmosis: the mechanism wherein the ions, consisting of H+ circulate throughout a membrane, ions movements down their electrochemical gradient.The technology of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the switch of H+ throughout a membrane for the duration of photosynthesis wherein chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.To learn more about chloroplast, click here:
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while you and your classmate are studying for your biological anthropology midterm, your classmate tells you that the fossil of lucy, a famous australopithecine specimen that dates to about 3.2 mya, was dated based on carbon 14 analysis. why is this incorrect?
Studying the evolution, diversity, and adaptation of people and their extant and fossilized relatives is known as biological anthropology.
What is biological anthropology midterm ?By examining biology (particularly the skeleton), evolutionary theory, inheritance, the fossil record, and contemporary primates, biological anthropology looks into the biological evolution and variation of both human and nonhuman primates. It examines how behavior, ecology, and biology are related to one another.
Biologists study how people adapt to various surroundings, how biological and cultural processes influence growth, development, and behavior, and what factors contribute to illness and early mortality. They are also fascinated with the biological beginnings, evolution, and variation of humans.
What is Fossil ?Any surviving remains, impression, or evidence of a once-living thing from a previous geological epoch is referred to as a fossil. Examples include fossilized bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, amber-preserved artifacts, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA traces.
If a specimen is more than 10,000 years old, it is typically regarded as a fossil. The oldest fossils date back between 3.48 and 4.1 billion years.
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