A decision tree is often used in this type of visual communication is idea illustration.
Where does visual communication come into play?In fields including social media, entertainment, politics, economics, and science, visual communication serves a specific function. Visual elements have a variety of functions and ways they convey information while taking into account these varied factors.
What functions do visual communications have?Visual communication is a means of effectively and effectively conveying more meaning by expressing ideas graphically. Any content marketing strategy must include it as a key component. This is so that you may better elicit emotions from your audience, support your point with stronger examples, and so much more.
To know more about visual communication visit:
https://brainly.com/question/17300255
#SPJ4
during the survey step while reading a textbook you perform reconnaissance one chapter at a time. the benefit that comes from performing such reconnaissance is: a. it allows your brain to take a picture of the material, coding it to help you find what is most important in the reading. b. it allows you to scan the material quickly and pick up just enough of the most important points so that you don't have to actually read the chapter. c. it helps your brain work from specific to general to make the reading easier. d. all of the above are correct. e. none of the above is correct.
One chapter at a time, you conduct research while reading a textbook. The advantage of conducting such reconnaissance is that it enables your brain to capture a picture of the information, coding it to assist you in finding what is most crucial in the reading.
What value does performing reconnaissance surveys have?A thorough examination of a large region that could be utilized as a road or an airport is called a reconnaissance survey. Its goal is to discover the more attractive routes or places while excluding the unworkable or impractical options. Existing maps and aerial photos could be very helpful.
What does reconnaissance entail in the field?A field trip to the location of a future investigation is part of the reconnaissance process. It provides information about landforms and other above-ground structures that could present obstacles to an installation.
To know more about reconnaissance visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/21906386
#SPJ4
a college professor of psychology had his class write a paper about the most traumatic and stressful events in their lives. although this may have caused immediate psychological distress to the students, the professor was confident that the long-term stress related to these events would eventually reduce. in this case, the professor had most likely conducted a(n) intervention with his class.
A psychology professor asked his students to write a paper about the most difficult and stressful experiences in their lives.The instructor was confident that the students would eventually experience less long-term stress as a result of these events, despite the fact that this may have caused them to experience immediate psychological distress.In this instance, the instructor probably gave his students an expressive writing intervention.
What is writing that is expressive?
Writing that is personal and emotional without regard to punctuation, verb agreement, or any other technical aspects of writing is called expressive writing.
What is an example of writing that is expressive?
Poems, songs, memoirs, opinion pieces, and personal journals are all examples of expressive writing.The Diary of Anne Frank is a good example of expressive writing because Anne Frank uses personal pronouns to describe her life and uses descriptive language that draws the reader into her world.
Learn more about expressive writing here:
https://brainly.com/question/28318210
#SPJ4
stephan tends to be fairly relaxed and easygoing in his daily life. his friends describe him as patient and calm. what personality type best describes stephan?
A type B personality is typically more relaxed. People with this personality type may be described by others as laid-back or easygoing.
What personality type B traits are there?Generally speaking, type B personalities are laid-back, easygoing, and extremely adaptable. Generally speaking, as compared to Type A personalities, they have a far more carefree approach and larger philosophical picture of themselves, prioritize work/life balance, and possess other attributes that make them less stressed and more admired.
The easygoing, patient, and easy-going demeanor of the type B personality is its distinguishing feature. People with a Type B personality prefer to work methodically, taking pleasure in their successes, but they do not usually become anxious when objectives are not met.
What are the flaws of a Type B personality?Impatience, a limited attention span, and a lack of attention to detail are a few of the inherent flaws of the Type B personality. Because they want social engagement, Type B personalities may have a tendency to over-socialize in the workplace and spend less time actually accomplishing their work.
Learn more about type B personality: https://brainly.com/question/14793694
#SPJ4
arturo believes that most young women from california are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. his beliefs are examples of: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices deindividuation. mirror-image perceptions. stereotypes. sexual discrimination.
Answer:
I believe stereotypes
Explanation:
a stereotype is something that many people have reflected on a certain type of people
Which characteristics describe typical outcome assessments? select all that apply.
Answer: there are three stages
1. define the most important goals for the students to achieve (outcome)
2. evaluate how well students are achieving those goals (assessment)
3. use the results to improve the academic experience (closing the loop)
nelson mandela was an influential leader who led a peaceful resistance against apartheid in africa. as the leader of a movement, nelson mandela is an example of authority. a.) charismatic b.) patrimonialistic c.) traditional d.) rational-legal
Nelson Mandela is a perfect example of a charismatic leader as he started the movement and lead from the front.
What makes leadership so important?Because it inspires, motivates, and sets an example for others to improve the world, leadership is essential. A leader must have a vision, a strategy, and a good working relationship with their team members. They consequently encourage others to work together to accomplish extraordinary things.
What type of leadership works best?Democratic leadership is among the finest leadership ideas. The purpose of this is to provide lower-level employees the opportunity to practice using the authority they will need to use properly in the future.
To know more about Leadership visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28487636
#SPJ4
the contemporary political ideology that is generally supportive of political and social reform, extensive governmental intervention in the economy, expansion of federal social services, more vigorous efforts on behalf of the poor and the disadvantaged, and greater concern for consumers and the environment is most accurately characterized as:
The contemporary political ideology that is generally supportive of political and social reform, extensive governmental intervention in the economy, expansion of federal social services, and greater concern for consumers and the environment is most accurately characterized as liberal.
A political ideology is the set of ethical ethics, standard, opinions, fables, or symbols of a public drive, organization, class, or big group that defines how an association endure work and offers few governmental and cultural plans for the social class. Liberalism is a governmental and moral philosophy established the rights of the individual, freedom, consent of the controlled, governmental egalitarianism, and equality before the society.
Liberals marry miscellaneous views contingent upon their understanding of these principles. Liberals wanted and settled a constitutional order that cherished main individual privileges, such as the right to speak freely and the exemption of partnership; a liberated judiciary and public trial by the tribunal; and the annulling of elegant rights.
To know more about political ideology refer to: https://brainly.com/question/21592497
#SPJ4
the maximum population that can be sustained by a given environment or by the world as a whole is referred to as:
The maximum population that can be sustained by a given environment or by the world as a whole is referred to as carrying capacity.
The greatest number of a biological species that can be supported by a given environment, given the availability of food, habitat, water, and other resources, is known as the carrying capacity of that ecosystem. According to population ecology, the carrying capacity is the maximum load that the ecosystem can support at a time when the number of births and deaths in a population is equal (as well as immigration and emigration). Using a logistic function, the impact of carrying capacity on population dynamics is modelled. The term "carrying capacity" refers to the maximum population that an ecosystem, farm, or fishery can sustain. Prior to being used to describe population constraints in the present, the word "carrying capacity" was first applied to a number of distinct activities in the 1950s. The concept of sustainable population includes the idea of human carrying capacity.
When seeking to comprehend biological populations and the forces that affect them, biologists frequently employ the concept of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity can be utilised to address biological populations as a stable dynamic equilibrium that takes extinction and colonisation rates into account. According to logistic growth, population size in population biology swings above and below an equilibrium value.
Learn more about 'carrying capacity' here:
https://brainly.com/question/14645317
#SPJ4
A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____.
Answer:
... The virus mutates so quickly the previous vaccine may no longer be effective.
Explanation:
Because flu viruses change so quickly, last year's vaccine may not protect you from this year's viruses. New flu vaccines are released every year to keep up with rapidly changing flu viruses. When you get vaccinated, your immune system makes antibodies to protect you from the viruses included in the vaccine.
If this is multiple choice, pick the answer closest to this or tell me the choices in the comments (:
an all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as machiavellianism. because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n)
An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism. because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a Cardinal trait for the Italian prince.
Machiavellianism is an individual tendency that means cunningness, the talent expected scheming to manipulate, and a drive to use anything that means inevitable to gain capacity. Machiavellianism is individual of the characteristics that form the Dark Triad, along with egotism and insanity. Machiavellianism is not an insane fitness diagnosis; somewhat, it's an individual tendency to name a scheme to manipulate an individual who misleads and tricks the remainder of something to reach aims.
A cardinal trait is an individual that dominates your whole traits, and hence your life—such as Ebenezer Scrooge's avarice and Mother Theresa's benevolence. Cardinal traits are not very low: Few people have traits governed by an alone characteristic. Instead, our personalities usually are collected from diversified characteristics.
To know more about traits refer to: https://brainly.com/question/4443909
#SPJ4
metta bases her judgments on impersonal analysis. to resolve problems at work, she uses reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. in gathering information, metta prefers routine and order. based on this information, metta ranks highly in which myers-briggs category?
Metta scores strongly in the Myers-Briggs category for sensation thinking based on this information.
A form of self-inventory is the Myers-Briggs personality type indicator. This personality is used to determine a person's preferred traits, strengths, and personality type. Isabel Mayer and her mother Katherine Briggs developed this exam. This inventory was created using Carl Jung's theories as a foundation.
Extroversion and introversion, sensing and intuition, thinking and feeling, judging and perceiving, and sensing and thinking are the four scales that make up the scale.
These classifications pertain to obtaining information from the environment and are dependent on humans and how they utilize that knowledge to create opinions and make decisions.
To learn more about sensation thinking
https://brainly.com/question/29376110
#SPJ4
An infant who is reactive will exhibit _________ physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit __________ behavior around unfamiliar people.
An infant who is reactive will exhibit strong physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit inhibit behavior around unfamiliar people.
What are the three essential emotional responses?Emotional experiences have three components: a subjective experience, a physiological response and a behavioral or expressive response.
What are the 5 responses?Fight, flight, freeze, flop, friend
All five responses are our bodies' automatic methods of protecting us from similarly damage and surviving a dangerous situation: Fight: bodily fighting, pushing, struggling, and war verbally e.g. announcing 'no'.
Learn more about psychological responses here:
https://brainly.com/question/19419956#SPJ4why do people who have experienced forced migration often maintain their native music traditions? group of answer choices they find it difficult to integrate into the musical life and cultures of their new homelands. they are nostalgic for the past and maintain their music as part of their shared identity. governments that expel them often force them to take their traditions with them. they are nostalgic for the past and maintain their music as part of their shared identity and, they find it difficult to integrate into the musical life and cultures of their new homelands. previous
They are nostalgic for the past and hold their music as phase of their shared identity.
How did immigration affect music?For the music industry, this wave of new immigrants added various cultures to cities, contributing an array of talent. Immigrants delivered talent to collaboration to the vaudeville stage as properly as songwriters and publishers to the creating famous track called Tin Pan Alley.
Why is music necessary to the migration process?Music is necessary to the migration method for various reasons: Music is portable. The presence of numerous transplanted musical traditions in a single place can have a range of outcomes.
Learn more about forced migration here:
https://brainly.com/question/15093761#SPJ4how does entering the world of the hunter drive ralph farther from jack, rather than bringing them closer?
While the tribe feasts interior Castle Rock, Ralph makes his way returned to the platform.
Once there, he is reluctant to spend the night time on my own in the safe haven and decides to return to Jack's give up of the island to strive reasoning with them again. On the way, he encounters the pig's skull that had spoken to Simon.
What happens when Ralph sees a ship ignore in the distance?Ralph spots a ship in the distance and is assured that the ship's crew will spot the boys' smoke signal. But, unknown to Ralph, the furnace has gone out, being left unattended. When Simon points out that there is no smoke, he and Ralph and Piggy hurry up the mountainside.
Why does Ralph go to the pinnacle of the mountain?A small boy with a visible birthmark says he has seen a snake (that will later emerge as the beast). Ralph says that they want to make a fire in order to be rescued - the teens eagerly take up this challenge and rush to the top of the mountain, and move the timber in order to build it.
Learn more about hunter drive ralph here:
https://brainly.com/question/19356729#SPJ4a school within a school that allows students to study an area of specific interest is called a a career academy b technical school c program of study d vocational school
A vocational school is a school within a school that enables pupils to study a subject of particular interest. Here option D is correct answer.
Training for a certain job function or trade is referred to as vocational training and includes educational programmes or courses that emphasise such abilities. In contrast to traditional, unconnected academic courses, vocational training educates students for certain occupations.
Vocational education is an alternate learning path to a college or university. It offers a path that teaches the skills and knowledge necessary for employment in a certain profession. It is an important part of the educational system and is linked to consumer demands.
Here are a few instances of typical career training programmes available in India. training in cosmetics and beauty, lessons in cooking, baking and designing mehendis.
To learn more about vocational school
https://brainly.com/question/18235846
#SPJ4
Order the political candidates on their likelihood of attracting campaign donations from interest groups from most likely to least likely.
A person is less likely to give money to a campaign.Younger people (those between the ages of 18 and 29) are more likely to do so than older people.
What is the first step in a presidential candidate's campaign?
From most likely to least likely, rank the political candidates according to their likelihood of receiving campaign donations from interest groups.
The first of the four steps in the public relations process is planning. Research is used by public relations professionals to build credibility with management.
Major media events are presidential elections. There are three phases to the formal campaign: winning the nomination, promoting at the convention, and gaining support for the general election are all steps in the process. Portray the main phase of the interaction for applicants running for president. The nomination stage is the first.
Learn more about campaign here:
https://brainly.com/question/1086036
#SPJ4
Quality planning and administration, quality training, and quality control procedures are examples of.
Prevention costs include examples like quality planning and administration, quality training, and quality control procedures.
Prevention costs are incurred and planned before the actual operation. The main objective of this is to prevent any quality problems by creating plans for quality, reliability, production, preparation, and maintenance of training programs. This is one of the most important components of delivering high-quality products and services to customers.
Quality is one of the most essential factors in ensuring any company grows and satisfy customers' need. Today multinational companies are ensuring one thing at the topmost and i.e., quality and in this respect, prevention costs play a crucial role in assuring that quality and preventing it from getting ruined.
To know more about the prevention costs, follow the below link:
https://brainly.com/question/17330801
#SPJ4
Which european nation attempted to colonize haiti and left an ongoing cultural legacy on haitian society?.
The European nation which attempted to colonize Haiti and left an ongoing cultural legacy on Haitian society is the French and the Spanish. The French influenced the Haitian in many cultural identities, therefore Haiti has a blend of traditional French, Spanish, and African customs.
The culture of HaitiOriginally Haiti was claimed by the Spanish but then ceded to France. Haiti gained its independence in 1804. Haiti culture which is the mix of Spanish, French and African can be reflected in its paintings, literature and music. The French influence can also be seen in the spoken language because French is the second language in Haiti.
Learn more about colonization https://brainly.com/question/510352#SPJ4
6. the house of representatives has separate powers from the senate including: a. confirming presidential nominees to the executive branch. b. creating bills to raise revenue. c. creating laws that are necessary and proper for the running of the federal government. d. confirming presidential nominees to the judicial branch.
The house of representatives has separate powers from the senate including b. creating bills to raise revenue.
What techniques are employed in ethical reasoning?
Managers may utilize one of three main ethical frameworks when making a decision: the utilitarian or consequence framework, the positive or negative rights framework, or the virtue-based ethical reasoning framework. The three strategies are described together with their benefits and drawbacks in the following paragraphs.
It makes sense to propose three major frameworks to direct ethical decision-making based on the three-part segmentation of conventional normative ethical theories outlined above: The three frameworks are consequentialist, duty-based, and virtue-based.
To know more about ethical theories, refer:
https://brainly.com/question/11992384
#SPJ4
caitlyn finally quit smoking 6 months ago after having a heart attack. after a long recovery, she was invited out by a group of old high school buddies. during the course of the evening, caitlyn smoked a few cigarettes. the next morning, she bought a pack of "low tar" cigarettes, thinking to herself, "i just can't break the habit." this illustrates the
Caitlyn finally quit smoking 6 months ago after having a heart attack. after a long recovery, Caitlyn smoked a few cigarettes. the next morning, she bought a pack of "low tar" cigarettes, thinking to herself, "i just can't break the habit." this illustrates the Abstinence violation effect.
The abstinence violation effect (AVE) occurs when an individual, after making a personal commitment to stop using a substance or engaging in some other unwanted behavior, has an initial lapse in which the substance or behavior is used at least once. Some people may then resort to uncontrolled use. When a person recognizes the cause of the initial lapse (the first violation of abstinence) to internal, stable, and global factors within themselves, the AVE occurs (e.g., lack of willpower or the underlying addiction or disease).
The goal of Relapse Prevention is to teach people how to reduce the size of a relapse (i.e., to counter the AVE) by shifting focus towards the more controllable external or situational factors that provoked the laps, so that the individual can easily revert to the goal of abstinence and not "lose control" of the behavior.
For more information on Abstinence violation effect, visit :
https://brainly.com/question/9508863
#SPJ4
If the user does not click the button what color will ""topbutton"" be when this program finishes running?.
When this application has finished running, the "top button" will be blue if the user has not clicked the button.
For the missing code fragment, refer to the attachment.
The required actions are on lines 1, 2, 4, and 5. These are the actions:
1. Make red the backdrop color
2. Make blue the backdrop color.
4. Green as the background
5. Orange as the backdrop color
Lines 4 and 5's instructions will be carried out if the user hits the button.
We may infer from the query that the user does not click the button.
The directions at #4 and #5 are apparently going to be disregarded.
So, what is left is:
1. Make red the backdrop color
2. Make blue the backdrop color.
1. The button's background color will be red.
2. To replace the instruction at, the button's background color will be adjusted to blue (1).
To learn more about code fragment
https://brainly.com/question/14897816
#SPJ4
cassidy's group is not just cohesive, but their morale is on point! they sure are moving forward to achieving their group goals! this is an example of which phase of group development?
The relationship between cohesion and well-being, identification, disintegration, and perceived individual and group combat readiness was investigated concurrently at the individual, soldier level and at the group, company level using hierarchical linear modeling.
7,892 enlisted troops from 104 combat arms companies (75% response rate) provided answers to questions about their military service. Individual soldier reports of cohesion rather than soldier reports of cohesion when grouped by company accounted for the majority of variation in the study results. Additionally, cohesiveness was found to have a moderating influence at the soldier-level on the relationships between stress and study outcomes. The findings supported the idea that Military men' perceptions of helpful unit leadership and cooperative peer relationships, both personally and collectively.
Learn more about military here-
https://brainly.com/question/1449608
#SPJ4
the ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as
The capacity to respond appropriately to a conditioned stimuli while not responding to a very similar but significantly different stimulus is known as distinction of valence.
Emotional valence expresses how pleasant or negative an emotion is, whereas arousal relates to its intensity, or the power of the accompanying emotional state.
Arousal (or intensity) is the degree of autonomic activation caused by an event, and it can range from calm (or low) to enthusiastic (or high). Valence, on the other hand, is the level of pleasantness generated by an event and is defined on a scale from negative to positive.
To know more about "valence" refer to this link:
https://brainly.com/question/13993867?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
In act i of the tragedy of macbeth, how does macbeth become the thane of cawdor?.
After defeating the previous Thane of Cawdor in battle, he is presented with the title by the king.
What made Macbeth the Thane of Cawdor?
Duncan, overjoyed by the news, decides to execute the former thane and bestow Cawdor's title on Macbeth. When Macbeth and Banquo, another Captain, meet the three withes, they call Macbeth Thane of Glamis, of Cawdor, and "King hereafter."
In Act I of The Tragedy of Macbeth, which of the two options do the three witches predict?
Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet three witches after a battle in Scotland. The three witches make three predictions: Macbeth will be a thane, Macbeth will be king, and Banquo's sons will be kings.
The title "Thane of Cawdor" is given to Macbeth for a reason.
A captain says he saw Macbeth and Banquo bravely fight the rebels, particularly when Macbeth killed MacDonwald, a traitor.King Duncan decides to give Macbeth the title of Thane of Cawdor as a reward and sends Ross as his messenger to tell Macbeth about the news.
Learn more about Cawdor here:
https://brainly.com/question/15095593
#SPJ4
When i feed my parrot breakfast in the morning, he either grunts happily and eats it, screams petulantly and eats it, or screams and flings it out of the cage. These events are disjoint. Are they also independent?.
Answer:
No
Explanation:
I dont think those sentences are independent, because it wouldn't make sense without the other.
describe two methods of assessing phonological skill in children with emerging language. why are independent phonological assessments more appropriate than relational methods for children with emerging language?
If a child has a severe speech delay, an analysis of their phonological abilities will reveal it, which will affect how we approach therapy.
A collection of abilities make up phonological awareness.
Determine the amount of consonants in the child's inventory to determine the severity of the speech delay - Determine whether the child is producing the right number of syllables for his age.
1) Making reference to the earlier CV patterns CVC.
2) Evaluate relationship phonology by contrasting the child's output with the adult version (e.g., McIntosh & Dodd, 2008).
Ex: At 24 months old, a child's speech production of consonants should be about 70% accurate.
To know more about phonological skill in children: https://brainly.com/question/28277913
#SPJ4
five year old kayla witnessed her older sister get rewarded for sharing toys with her friends. kayla then imitates her sisters actions by sharing her toys in order to get the same reward. kaylas actions most likely from?
Kayla's actions are most likely from vicarious reinforcement.
Learning via watching others is referred to as vicarious reinforcement. By rewarding the subject with a stimulus, behavior is strengthened through reinforcement. Vicarious reinforcement, then, is when someone alters their behaviour because they desire to experience the same reward that another subject did by adopting the same conduct.
The seen conduct and result are deemed desirable, thus the observer will attempt to act in a similar fashion. Similar to the given instance, Kayla saw her older sister rewarded for lending toys to her friends in the present one. After observing the behaviour, she emulated her sister by sharing her toys in an effort to obtain the same reward. The action is a result of vicarious reinforcement.
Read more about vicarious reinforcement on:
https://brainly.com/question/24800814
#SPJ4
what level of self-disclosure fosters the most intimacy? a. high breadth and high depth b. high breadth and low depth c. low breadth and high depth d. low breadth and low depth
Emotional disclosures are also proven to foster intimacy extra than factual disclosures.
What is breadth and depth of self-disclosure?Breadth and depth are two dimensions of self-disclosure that are important in social penetration theory. Breadth of self-disclosure refers to the vary of subjects about which an individual discloses. The depth of self-disclosure is the extent to which the disclosure is non-public or private.
Does self-disclosure make bigger intimacy?Self-Disclosure Explained
Disclosing ideas and feelings and allowing a accomplice to disclose their 'true selves' leads to increased intimacy in romantic relationships, and eventually to extra satisfaction.
Learn more about self disclosure here:
https://brainly.com/question/1838589#SPJ4What is accurate about the scientific results learned by counting annual layers in ice cores?.
Numerous experiments have revealed that some ice cores have consistently retained yearly layers; the longest record goes back more than 100,000 years is accurate about the scientific results learned by counting annual layers in ice cores.
The practice of coring ice dates back to the 1950s. In ice sheets all across the world, but particularly in Greenland and Antarctica, ice cores have been drilled. Bubbles in the ice core preserve genuine samples of the world's primordial atmosphere, while high rates of snow accumulation offer a great temporal resolution.
Scientists gain knowledge about the previous 10,000 years of glacial and interglacial cycles, variations in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and climatic stability through the examination of ice cores. Antarctica has seen extensive ice-core drilling. It is simpler to gather shallow ice cores, which can preserve up to a few hundred years of accumulation.
Learn to know more about Ice layers on
https://brainly.com/question/18054392
#SPJ4
you are a participant in a research study on campus that is testing an intervention to reduce anxiety among graduate students using a meditation app. you and the rest of the participants do an anxiety assessment at the start of the study and then six weeks later after daily meditations. the researchers want to know if using the meditation app helped reduce anxiety symptoms, so they use the pre- and post-test assessments to run a t-test. what kind of t-test should they use?
The kind of t-test researchers should use is paired sample t-test.
Paired sample t-test compares the means of measurement from the same objects, units, or individuals. It presents the units measured at different points of time, conditions, or experiments.
It is used to determine the difference between two variables of the subject. It helps in measuring whether there is a statistical variation in the mean. It determines if the mean difference between the measured variables is different from zero.
This is a parametric test which is also known as the Repeated measure t-test, Dependent t-test, and paired t-test. The variable used in the test is called the dependent or test variable.
Learn more about Paired sample t test here https://brainly.com/question/20599669
#SPJ4