A high-pressure, fast-moving mixture of pyroclastic debris, including fragments and gas typically ejected vertically from a volcanic vent, is called a plume.
A plume is a column of hot gas and ash that rises from a volcanic vent. The column of gas and ash can reach heights of several kilometers. Plumes can be very dangerous because they can cause widespread damage and destruction.When a plume forms, the hot gas and ash rise into the atmosphere. The plume can be carried long distances by the wind. Plumes can cause damage to buildings, crops, and forests. They can also cause respiratory problems in people and animals.
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which agency disseminates coastal watches and warnings for tropical storms and hurricanes? a. local nws weather forecast offices b. the weather channel c. national hurricane center d. tropical analysis and forecast branch
Local nws weather forecast offices disseminates coastal watches and warnings for tropical storms and hurricanes.
What are hurricanes?Hurricanes are low-pressure systems with organised thunderstorm activity that form over tropical or subtropical waters. They are also referred to as tropical cyclones in general. The warm ocean waves provide them energy.
The surface winds are constantly circling as storm systems intensify into hurricanes. This pattern is known as "closed circulation" by meteorologists. Depending on which hemisphere the storm is in, the circulation rotates either clockwise in the Northern hemisphere or counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
Weather forecasters can predict a hurricane's course once it forms. They also forecast how powerful it will become. People can prepare for the storm with the help of this information.
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if there is a high-pressure zone over the rocky mountains and a low-pressure zone in the great plains, winds can come rushing down the front range into the plains; these winds are known as
These winds are known as Chinook winds .
What are Chinook winds ?
In western North America, there are two distinct types of Chinook winds, sometimes known as "Chinooks": coastal Chinooks and interior Chinooks. The coastal Chinooks are rainy, persistent, seasonal winds coming in from the southwest.
The interior Chinooks are sporadic föhn winds that occasionally blow down the eastern edges of interior mountain ranges. They are warm and dry. The name "coastal Chinooks" was first used near the northwest coast, and it is a later development that stems from the coastal word. It is a powerful wind that swiftly descends the lee side of mountain slopes and gets warm and extremely dry.
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Why do volcanoes and earthquakes occur along the ring of fire? Think about:
2. Movement of magma.
Answer: The abundance of volcanoes and earthquakes along the Ring of Fire is caused by the amount of movement of tectonic plates in the area.
Explanation:
during metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of a rock occur primarily as a result of ?
During metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of a rock occur primarily as a result of reaction with hydrothermal fluids.
What is the process of metamorphism ?
Earliest metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous form. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures, high pressures, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more frequently, any combination of these conditions, metamorphic rocks are created. These kinds of conditions can be found deep below the Earth or when tectonic plates collide.
The process of metamorphism changes the rocks into denser, more compact rocks rather than melting them. Either by the rearranging of mineral constituents or through chemical interactions with fluids that enter the rocks, new minerals are produced. Even rocks that have already undergone metamorphosis might undergo changes due to pressure or temperature. Rocks subject to metamorphism are frequently crumpled, smeared, and compressed. Metamorphic rocks do not grow hot enough to melt because if they did, they would turn into igneous rocks.
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florian discovers a rock that is broken into pieces. each piece has several bands.which type of rock does florian predict these pieces will change into when subjected to heat and pressure?igneousmagmametamorphicsedimentary
Metamorphic rocks will change when subjected to heat and pressure
What are Metamorphic rocks?
Although they began as a different kind of rock, metamorphic rocks have undergone significant alteration from their igneous, sedimentary, or previous metamorphic forms. Metamorphic rocks are created when rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures, high pressures, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more frequently, some combination of these conditions. These kinds of situations can be found deep inside the Earth or where tectonic plates collide.
The process of metamorphism changes the rocks into denser, more compact rocks rather than melting them. Either by the rearranging of mineral constituents or through chemical reactions with fluids that enter the rocks, new minerals are produced. Even rocks that have already undergone metamorphosis might undergo changes due to pressure or temperature. Rocks subject to metamorphism are frequently crumpled, smeared, and compressed. Metamorphic rocks do not get hot enough to melt because if they did, they would turn into igneous rocks.
The metamorphic rocks phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble are frequently encountered.
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Explain the meaning of the
following
term
• New England
Answer:
New England
a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut.
What are their plans for the near and far future in regard to travelling to the moon?.
LAUNCH SPACECRAFT
Future plans include for launching the SLS rocket with the crew aboard Orion, which will do two Earth orbits before traveling to the moon.
The Space Launch System (SLS) was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida at 1:47 a.m. EST on November 16, 2022 (6:47 a.m. GMT). This was the rocket's maiden voyage and the first step in NASA's journey back to the moon. This launch marks the beginning of the Artemis program, hence the mission's designation as Artemis I.
NASA will spend a total of $93 billion on the Artemis program between 2012 and 2025, and each SLS/Orion launch will cost around $4.1 billion.
NASA planned to launch an unmanned spacecraft as part of the Artemis I mission as early as this weekend to orbit the moon and return to Earth around one month later. In 2025, if everything goes according to plan, a future expedition could land astronauts on the moon.
However, a mission to the moon has scientific significance in and of itself. For example, rocks obtained during previous expeditions revealed the moon's origin: It likely formed from debris after an asteroid the size of Mars collided with Earth about four billion years ago.
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at what depth does metamorphism start in the earth's crust if the surface is 25 degrees celsius, the geothermal gradient is 25c/km, and metamorphism starts at 200c?
Temperature and pressure can become so extreme at a particular depth that they can change the chemical makeup, texture, or mineralogy of rocks. The transformation of rocks is known as metamorphism.
At a depth of 10 to 30 km, the middle and lower crust produces the majority of metamorphic rocks. The rate at which the temperature of the Earth rises with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. It suggests that the Earth's surface is receiving heat from the planet's warm center. For every kilometer of depth, the temperature rises by about 25°C on average. Such magma bodies heat the surrounding rock to a temperature of about 1000 °C, causing contact metamorphism (Figure 7.19). In the absence of directed pressure, this occurs at very shallow depths, hence the resulting rock typically does not foliate. Tectonic forces, like the collision of two continental masses, frequently cause compressional stresses in the rocks, which cause the differential stress. Consequently, the cores of fold-and-thrust mountain belts or eroded mountain ranges are where regionally metamorphosed rocks are found. As far as metamorphic processes go, burial metamorphism occurs at pressures and temperatures that are relatively low (up to 300 °C). Tectonic forces, like the collision of two continental masses, frequently cause compressional stresses in the rocks, which cause the differential stress. Consequently, the cores of fold-and-thrust mountain belts or eroded mountain ranges are where regionally metamorphosed rocks are found. As far metamorphic as processes go, burial metamorphism occurs at pressures and temperatures that are quite low (up to 300 °C) (100s of m depth).
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describe what happens to the tectonic plates along a transform boundary during the time between earthquakes.
Using the theories of tectonic plates, we got that during the time between earthquakes the tectonic plates lock into the place to prevent from sliding causing pressure to build up.
Plates can move past each other in same plane at a boundary. This type of the boundary is called a transform boundary. This type of the boundary is dominated by strike-slip faulting, although other types of the faulting may be observed, where the two plates slide past each other, earthquakes originate at shallow depths.
Hence, during the time between earthquakes tectonic plates along a transform boundary lock into the place to prevent from sliding causing pressure to build up.
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on her first three chemistry tests, gina scored 90,80, and 84 . what score does gina need to get on the fourth chemistry test, if she wants her test average to be 90?
For the chemistry test score of 90,80, and 84, and for the test average of 90, she needs to get 106
Since we are given three entries which are 90,80, and 84 and we are left to find the fourth entry, to get the total average of the four entries of 90.Since considering the unknown score gina's test is x
Since know, the average( mean) is the sum of the total number of sets divided by the number of entries, getting an average of 90, we can write
=>90+80+84+x/4= 90
=>254+x/4=90
=>254+x=90*4
=>x= 360-254= 106
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What is the process that causes harmful materials to seep into the ground and move through rock and soil and contaminate ground water?.
Answer:
Ground water contamination disaster
where in the region can the great plains be found
Answer:
The definition of the Great Plains is debated. Typically, it refers to the territory from Montana to Minnesota and down to New Mexico and Texas. In this study, a 12-state area is used, including Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming.
Explanation:
Answer: The region can be found in the middle area of the Continental USA.
Explanation:
1 Solve for the value of 'x'.
50°
to
120°
Answer: x=70
Explanation: Trust me
as the earth warms, water evaporates, forming clouds. low, thick clouds reflect incoming solar radiation, thus cooling the area. as the temperature cools, less water evaporates, forming fewer clouds. as a result, the temperature rises and more clouds form. evaporation and low, thick clouds are part of what type of feedback loop?
Evaporation and low, thick clouds are part of negative feedback loop.
What is negative feedback loop?
Climate feedback that lessens the severity of an initial shift is referred to as negative climate feedback. Some initial change results in a subsequent change that lessens the first change's impact. The climate system is kept steady by this feedback.
It is a specific kind of negative feedback that is typically mentioned in relation to climate change. It's also crucial to keep in mind that, despite the fact that "negative feedback" may not seem like a desirable thing, it really contributes to the climate remaining far more stable than it otherwise would.
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when the estimated 100-year flood for tucson, arizona, was recalculated based only on post-1960 flows, it was found to be three times as large as those previously calculated. what factor accounts for this increase in flood potential? multiple choice question.
The factor that led to the increase in flood in the mentioned areas is urbanization of the Tucson area.
Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of strong rains, incoming waves from the ocean, rapid snowmelt, or the failure of dams or levees. Even few inches of water has the ability to cause destructive floods, or the water can reach a house's roof in a area. Floods can happen suddenly or gradually over a long period of time, lasting for days, weeks, or even longer. Of all weather-related natural disasters, floods are the most prevalent and extensive. Because they combine the devastation of a flood with tremendous speed, flash floods are the very dangerous type of flooding. When the amount of rainfall exceeds the soil's capacity to absorb it, flash floods erupt.
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Answer:The variable that prompted the expansion in flood in the referenced regions is urbanization of the Tucson region.Flooding is the flood of water onto ordinarily dry ground
Explanation:
Floods can happen because of solid downpours, approaching waves from the sea, fast snowmelt, or the disappointment of dams or levees. Indeed, even not many crawls of water can cause disastrous floods, or the water can arrive at a house's rooftop in a space. Floods can happen out of nowhere or continuously over an extensive stretch of time, going on for days, weeks, or considerably longer urbanization. Of all climate related cataclysmic events, floods are the most common and broad. Since they consolidate the pulverization of a flood with enormous speed, streak floods are the extremely hazardous sort of flooding. At the point when how much precipitation surpasses the dirt's ability to retain it, streak floods emit.
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(q003) which of the following statements is true? a. a rock that is porous must also be permeable. b. aquitards don't transmit water at all. c. primary porosity refers to the largest 10% of pore spaces; secondary porosity refers to the remaining 90% of (smaller) pores. d. water moves upward in the capillary fringe because of electrostatic attraction between its molecules and mineral surfaces.
Using the concepts of capillary fringe, we got water moves upward in the capillary fringe because of electrostatic attraction between its molecules and mineral surfaces is the true statement among all statements.
The capillary fringe is subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to the fill pores. Pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with the water due to tension saturation. This saturated portion of the capillary fringe is less than the total capillary rise because of the presence of a mix in pore size.
Hence, the statement which is true is water moves upward in the capillary fringe because of electrostatic attraction between its molecules and mineral surfaces.
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typhoon intensity of landfalling storms in the western pacific near asia appears to be increasing, what is the main reason?
Typhoon intensity of landfalling storms in the western pacific near Asia appears to be increasing because water vapor in the atmosphere rises.
A mature tropical cyclone, or typhoon, forms in the Northern Hemisphere between 180° and 100°E. The Northwestern Pacific Basin is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, producing over a third of all tropical storms that occur annually.
The greatest sustained wind speed of a typhoon serves as a measure of its strength, but the damage wrought by its strong winds, storm surges, heavy rains, and floods increases proportionally, so that a 15% increase in intensity results in a 50% increase in destructive power.
Storm precipitation is growing as a result of increased heat, water, and rising sea surface temperatures. This could also give storm winds more fuel. The maximum surface wind speed or the lowest sea level pressure are used to determine the strength of a storm. Many of the factors that can lead to more intense storms are impacted by climate change. By increasing the meridional (or poleward) temperature gradient and the amount of additional latent heat available in warmer air, it increases the amount of potential energy that is available.
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the gust front occurs group of answer choices on the lee shore of the great lakes. during the development of thunderstorm clouds. at the leading edge of a thunderstorm downdraft. near the anvil part of a thunderstorm cloud.
The gust front occurs at the leading edge of a thunderstorm downdraft .
What is Thunderstorm ?
A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a type of storm in which lightning is present and produces the audible sound of thunder in the atmosphere of the Earth. Thundershowers are the name for relatively weak thunderstorms. A cumulonimbus is a form of cloud where thunderstorms develop. Strong winds are typically present along with them, and heavy rain, snow, sleet, or hail are frequently produced.
However, some thunderstorms result in little to no precipitation at all. A squall line, often known as a succession of thunderstorms, can form or become a rainband. Large hail, powerful winds, and tornadoes are just a few of the most hazardous weather events that may occur during strong or severe thunderstorms.
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if the ice is melting in greenland and the sea level is rising how can Greenland be rising too?
The ice of the Greenland is melting due to increase in warming level of Arctic than other region. If normal temp. of earth increases by 1 percent then air temp. in Greenland increases by 7%. In recent decades, the ice has been getting thinner, glaciers are retreating at the edges of the ice sheet, and it is melting at its top.
Greenland is not rising rather its part will get shrink if the sea level continues to rise at this pace. Because the melting of ice is leading to increase in level of water.
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why is factfulness useful for geographers to study?
Answer:
Explanation:
Factfulness is important because of this,
an extrusive rock is an igneous rock that occurs at earth's surface. group of answer choices true false
This statement is False. Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rock is produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface.
What are Extrusive rocks?
There are many possible outcomes when a volcano erupts. Numerous compounds can erupt from the volcano's vent, and earthquakes are frequently measured. Typically, gaseous material, including ash and gaseous chemicals, billows from the top. The mountain's face is covered in lava, some of which can erupt out of the summit at high speeds and fall to the ground as chunks of swiftly cooling rock. Extrusive rock refers to the lava that cools on the volcano's surface and in the vicinity.
Extrusive rock is an igneous rock type that crystallises and cools on the earth's surface. A particular kind of rock called igneous rock is created when magma, which is another name for lava that is still present beneath the ground, cools and crystallizes. When the igneous rock breaks through the earth's surface, such as during a volcanic eruption, it can either cool slowly just below the surface of the planet or swiftly. When identifying rocks, this is crucial since igneous rock will always seem uniformly smooth or grainy.
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Sir Edmund Hillary, from the country of New Zealand, along with his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norgay, were the first two people to summit Mt. Everest. The year was 1953. It is said they buried cookies at the summit as a gift to the goddess of the mountain. Hillary spent 4 hours each day riding a train to go to school. He spent lots of this time reading books.What types of books did young Hillary especially enjoy reading?
As Sir Edmund Hillary along with his Sherpa guide "Tenzing Norgay" were the first two people to summit Mt. Everest, the types of books he enjoy reading when he was younger would likely be an adventure books.
Who was known as Sir Edmund Hillary?He was a popular New Zealand mountain climber and Antarctic explorer who with the Tibetan mountaineer "Tenzing Norgay" was the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest (29,035 feet [8,850 metres] which is the highest mountain in the world.
Even though he made his living as beekeeper, he climbed mountains in New Zealand, in the Alps and finally in the Himalayas, where he climbed 11 different peaks of over 20,000 feet. This made him ready to confront the world's highest mountain. Mt. Everest.
In one of Hillary's speech, his words is as quoted"...read a lot of books about adventure, to actually getting involved in things like mountaineering, and then becoming a reasonably competent mountaineer...".
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what is indicated by the yellow lines in the image above, which separate flat-lying sedimentary rocks, on top, from slanting sedimentary rocks beneath? group of answer choices a great fault, where pull-apart action slid the upper rocks across the lower ones. a great unconformity, with sedimentary rocks above resting on older sedimentary rocks below. an intrusion, with melted rocks squirted along the yellow line and then hardened. a great unconformity, with sedimentary rocks above resting on metamorphic rocks below. a great fault, where push-together action shoved the upper rocks over the lower ones.
The yellow lines indicate a great unconformity, with sedimentary rocks above resting on older metamorphic rocks below.
What are the causes of unconformity in rocks ?
Contact between sedimentary strata that are noticeably older than each other or between sedimentary rocks and older, eroded igneous or metamorphic rocks is known as an unconformity. Gaps in the geologic record, or times when no rocks exist, are represented as unconformities.
Unconformities can occur for two reasons: either older rocks were eroded before being covered by younger sediment, or sediment deposition ceased for a long period of time. An unconformity does not reflect a particular moment in time. According to how long erosive processes continued or how long deposition stopped.
Some deviations are simpler to spot than others. For instance, it is rather easy to see where a very ancient granite and a newer sandstone have come into touch.
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describe the negative impacts humans have had on the naural environment in the united states
There are various ways in natural environment degradation happens like; pollution, excessive use of resources due to overpopulation, burning harmful material(plastic, fossil fuels), excessive use of things include cfc's.
In USA air pollution is the most prominent factor deteriorating nature as it is the 2nd largest emitter of carbon.
Releasing of harmful agriculture fertilizers into rivers and lakes leads to water pollution according to US ECA report.
In the US, a typical fire season that used to last for 4 months on average is now lasting nearly double that time because of climate change. 2017 report shows that careless human activities were behind about 84% of all wildfires in the US and accounted for 44% of the total area burned.
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climate science relies on computer models to analyze the many variables of past (and future) climate change. is this an acceptable way of doing science?
No, scientific conclusions can only be proven using direct measurements.
A controlled, meticulously documented, and replicable (reproducible) experiment is used to test a hypothesis, according to one definition of the scientific method. In actuality, there are numerous approaches to do scientific research. Nevertheless, the aforementioned definition is a fair summarization or approximation of a lot of scientific work.
As instructors administer tests, quizzes, demonstrations, and reports throughout a course or programme, direct measurements are used to give concrete evidence of student learning. They frequently involve capstone projects, tests, and essays, and are graded using rubrics.
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how do agricultural and industrial pollutants reach remote locations such as the arctic and antarctica?
The substances are transported to the Arctic in the atmosphere by ocean currents, and also by rivers and ice in the Arctic. These are the most important means of transport, but pollutants carried by animals which move between the polar areas may also have some significance.
How do ocean currents pollute remote locations?
Because ocean currents flow slowly, it may take decades for contaminants from heavily industrialised and populated places to reach the ocean. The ocean currents carry pollutants that are soluble in water and are dumped directly into the ocean or fall as rain into the ocean. The degree to which the contaminants are soluble in water will determine whether they bind to particles or sink to the seafloor. Such places might develop into what is known as sinks, or repositories for pollutants.
The layers in the water and the current systems govern the maritime transit of contaminants to the Arctic. It might take years for toxins to travel through the ocean and reach the Arctic. Then, they may stay under the water for a few years to several millennia.
Some radioactive compounds may be carried by ocean currents over great distances depending on how they behave in the marine environment.
Measures taken to stop pollutants from reaching the environment are delayed by the slow movement of the ocean currents towards the pole.
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what is the term for a boundary surface in a sequence of rock strata indicating lack of deposition, where erosion and deformation may have occurred?
The term for a boundary surface in a sequence of rock strata indicating lack of deposition, where erosion and deformation may have occurred an unconformity.
A buried erosional or non-depositional surface that separates two rock masses or strata with varying ages is called an unconformity, and it shows that sediment deposition was not continuous. However, the term is used to describe any pause in the sedimentary geologic record. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for a period of time before the younger layer was deposited.
A contact between two rock units called an unconformity occurs when the upper unit is typically significantly younger than the lower level. Unconformities are frequently buried erosional surfaces that can signify a discontinuity in the geologic record of several hundred million years or more. For instance, the contact between a bedrock surface that is 600 million years old and weathered 400 million years ago sandstone is an unconformity that signifies a 200 million year time gap. During that 200 million year period, sediment and/or rock that was immediately deposited on the bedrock was worn away, exposing the "basement" surface. Disconformities, nonconformities, and angular unconformities are the three different types of unconformities.
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the polar position hypothesis suggests that glaciers should form on earth when continents exist in polar regions. however, from 125-35 ma (~cretaceous period), there were continents at the poles but no glaciers. why?
The most famous of the several climatic indicators that support continental drift is glacial activity.
When Alfred Wegener looked into this area, he discovered an anomaly inside the Permo-Carboniferous ice sheet, which previously covered all of the southern main plates and was discovered through glacial till layers.
It was first proposed that arctic ice should occur on continental when they were situated in polar or closely adjacent to polar regions. There shouldn't be any ice anyplace on Earth if there are no continents close to the South or North Poles.
However, the Polar position theory asserts that there have never been ice sheets in the last 500 million years when continental blocks were not over polar latitudes.
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according to scientific consensus, what is driving the majority of climate change in the modern world?
Global warming is the reason for climate change in the modern world.
What is climate change?
A long-term change in the typical weather patterns that have characterised local, regional, and global climates on Earth is called climate change. The phrase is synonymous with a wide variety of observed outcomes resulting from these changes.
Global warming is the gradual warming of the Earth's surface that has been seen since the pre-industrial era (between 1850 and 1900) and is attributed to human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which raises the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This phrase should not be used in place of "climate change."
Human activities are thought to have contributed to an increase in Earth's average global temperature of about 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since the pre-industrial era. This temperature increase is currently happening at a rate of more than 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per decade. Without a doubt, human activity since the 1950s has contributed to the current warming trend, which has been accelerating at an unheard-of rate for millennia.
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What are the limitations of using historical records as a means of predicting seismic activity?
A major earthquake has never been predicted by the USGS or any other scientist. We don't know how, and we don't expect to find out any time soon. USGS scientists can only calculate the likelihood of a significant earthquake occurring in a specific area (as shown on our hazard mapping) within a certain number of years.
A prediction of an earthquake must include three elements: 1) the date and time, 2) the location, and 3) the magnitude.
Yes, some people claim to be able to predict earthquakes, but their claims are false for the following reasons:
They are not founded on scientific evidence, and earthquakes are a natural occurrence. Earthquakes, for example, have nothing to do with clouds, bodily aches and pains, or slugs.
They do not define all three elements necessary for prediction. Their predictions are so broad that there will always be an earthquake that fits;
for example, (a) A M4 earthquake will occur somewhere in the United States within the next 30 days. (b) A M2 earthquake will strike the west coast of the United States today.
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