After teaching a group of students about fertilization, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the group identifies which as the usual site of fertilization?

The product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is used to generate ATP

The chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane experiences a light reaction. Both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation is involved. During the photochemical phase of photosynthesis, photophosphorylation is the process of producing ATP from ADP and H3PO4 in the presence of light and chlorophyll-a.

ATP is created during cyclic photophosphorylation, and ATP and NADPH2 are produced during non-cyclic photophosphorylation. As water is photolyzed, oxygen is also created.

Therefore, ATP, NADPH2, and O2 are the byproducts of the light process.
By releasing its phosphate groups, the coenzyme ATP helps enzymes like ATP triphosphatase transmit energy to cells.
Therefore, ATP is frequently referred to as the "energy currency of the cell" by biologists. From a biological standpoint, ATP is made up of three parts.

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Answer:

Metaphase is the stage of cell division in a diploid organism if we see seven chromosomes, each consisting of a pair of sister chromatids.

Hope its helpful!

Meiosis II prophase is the stage of cell division in a diploid organism, each consisting of a pair of sister chromatids

There are four crucial processes that take place during prophase II of meiosis II. These include chromatin condensation into chromosomes, thinning of the nuclear envelope, centrosome movement to either pole and re-building of the spindle apparatus. Centrosomes do not exist in every cell, though.

Both of the daughter cells that were created during meiosis I go through meiosis II. The process of cell division starts right away because DNA replication does not occur during this second meiotic stage. Prophase II sets up the cell for meiosis II, which results in the production of four haploid cells, each of which has half the genetic material that was previously present in the original, duplicated diploid cell.

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Innovations that target NEW markets and represent a major break from existing technologies or ways of thinking, such as the digital camera, the touch-screen smartphone, or the decoding of the human genome, are examples of Radical innovations.

An invention that completely alters or replaces an existing business paradigm is considered radical innovation. Radical innovation, as opposed to architectural or incremental innovation, destroys the current system or process and replaces it with something wholly new.

Examples of radical innovation include the iPhone, which helped to create the present smartphone market, and the integration of sensor technology into farming equipment to provide farmers data they may use to change the farming sector.

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The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes carbon dioxide and waste products to the lungs and kidneys for elimination.

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The weight of cholesterol is 0.6 g.

Here use the concept of molarity.

The amount of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). The moles of a solute per liter of a solution is known as molarity.

Molarity = no. of moles/volume (in L)

Given,

Molarity, M = 5.0 mM = 5 × 10⁻³ M

Volume, V = 315 mL = 315 × 10⁻³ L

To calculate,

Weight of cholesterol =?

We know that,

Molecular mass of cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O = 386

No. of moles = weight/ molecular mass

The formula is modified as,

Molarity = weight of cholesterol/ (molecular mass) (Volume)

Put the values in the formula,

5 × 10⁻³ = weight of cholesterol/ (386) (315 × 10⁻³)

Weight of cholesterol = 5 × 10⁻³  (386) (315 × 10⁻³)

                                    = 0.6 g

Hence, the weight of cholesterol is 0.6 g.

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If a cell exposed to the toxins in tobacco smoke if it had the right receptors to respond, It would activate or inactivate an enzyme.

Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung diseases.

Cigarette smoking induces the activity of human cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A2 and 2B6. These enzymes metabolize several clinically important drugs.

The drugs metabolized by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and UGT enzymes might be affected by tobacco smoking and enzymes, may need higher doses due to decreased plasma concentrations.

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Explanation:

Definition: A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms

The best way to prevent food poisoning is to thoroughly cook eggs, chicken, and other foods to kill the microorganisms.

Food poisoning is defined as the contamination of food by disease causing microorganisms which can affect the well being of an individual.

In order to prevent this from happening, the food should be:

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Populations in H-W equilibrium have the same allelic and genotypic frequencies generation after generation. f(Sb) = p = 0.626. f(Sb+) = q = 0.374. F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a theory that states that, assuming a diallelic gene,

⇒ The allelic frequencies in a locus are represented as p and q.

• The frequency of the dominant allele p(X) is p

• The frequency of the recessive allele p(x) is q

⇒ The genotypic frequencies after one generation are

• p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency),

• 2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency),

• q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).

Allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same through generations in a population that is in H-W equilibrium.

The addition of the allelic frequencies equals 1

p + q = 1.

The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

In the exposed example,

First, we will get the frequencies.

To do it, we will use the number of individuals. These values will tell us about phenotypic frequencies,

Phenotypic frequency

Now, we will use the frequency of the recessive phenotype to get its genotypic and allelic frequencies.

F(Sb+Sb+) = q² = 137/973 = 0.14 ⇒ Recessive Genotypic frequency

f(Sb+) = q = √0.14 = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency

Now, Since this population is in H-W equilibrium, we will use q (recessive allelic frequency) to get the dominant allelic frequency and the dominant genotypic frequency. To do it, we will clear the following equation,

p + q = 1

p + 0.374 = 1

p = 1 - 0.374

p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency

F( SbSb) = p² = 0.626² = 0.392 ⇒ Dominant Genotypic frequency

Finally, we will get the heterozygous frequency. There are two options,

F(SbSb + SbSb+) - F(SbSb) = 0.86 - 0.392 = 0.468

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

0.392 + 2pq + 0.14 = 1

2pq = 1 - 0.392 - 0.14

2pq = 0.468

Answers:

- f(Sb) = p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency

- f(Sb+) = q = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency

- F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468 ⇒ Heterozygous frequency

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The problem that we would expect this mouse to have is a tendency to drink more water than normal accompanied by excretion of dilute urine.

The sodium-potassium pump is a protein that has been found in many cells and is responsible for keeping the internal concentration of sodium ions [Na+] lower than that of the surrounding medium (blood, body fluid, or water) and the internal concentration of potassium ions [K+] higher than that of the surrounding medium (blood, body fluid, or water). The adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase)-active pump travels across the cell membrane and is triggered by both internal and external [K+] and [Na+].

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Answer:

fibrous joints is the answer ..

hope it helps...

Answer:

bones protect vital organs

Explanation:

there are approx 200+ bones only on average, hence the first is out

bike is produced in the bike duct which acts to break down fats into simpler substance for the body to intake

red blood cells are produced and stored in the bones and not carbohydrates

the smallest bone is found in your ear, hence the last one is out

Dihybrid cross ,the alleles used to form the zygote were the same. A mating experiment between two organism that are identically hybrid for two traits. Hetrozygous individuals ,used two different alleles to form the zygote.

Its a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that controlled by two different genes. This idea was developed by Gregor Mendal when he study on pea plants that were yellow or green and either round or wrinkled.

Dihybrid cross  genotypic ratio is 1:2:1. Third cross of two heterozygous parents and phenpotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. It is class Mendelian ratio for a dihybrid cross in which alleles of different genes are independently into gametes.

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A Final statement or concluding statement PALA may activate ATCase at low Asp concentrations and saturating CP concentrations .

According to the Statement:

Instead of activation, inhibition occurs when PALA or Asp concentrations are high. The activation generated by low concentrations of PALA can be explained by the MWC model. The majority of the population of the enzyme does not transition to the R state at low Asp concentrations because the Asp concentration is insufficient to encourage this transition. As a result, the majority of the enzyme population is in the low-activity, low-affinity T state.

On the other hand, PALA binding, because of the way its structure resembles the transition state structure of the process, is able to keep the enzyme in the high-activity, high-affinity R state.

As a result, activity increases at low concentrations of PALA; but, as PALA concentration rises, more and more of the active sites are replaced by the non-hydrolyzable bisubstrate analog, and activity falls. At high Asp concentrations and a saturating CP concentration, PALA activation is not seen.

PALA binding just blocks the active site to which it binds and reduces activity because the enzyme population is already in the R state under these circumstances.

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A Final statement or concluding statement PALA may activate ATCase at low Asp concentrations and saturating CP concentrations .

However, increasing the concentration of PALA or Asp results in inhibition rather than activation. The MWC model can explain the activation caused by low amounts of PALA.

Because the Asp concentration is inadequate to promote the transition to the R state for the majority of the enzyme population at low Asp concentrations, the enzyme remains mostly in the low-activity, low-affinity T state. PALA binding, on the other hand, is able to maintain the enzyme in the high-activity, high-affinity R state because its structure mirrors the transition state structure of the process.

The concerted shift to the R state frees up the majority of active sites, allowing them to react with substrates and produce products, while a minority of active sites bound with PALA are inactive yet keep the enzyme in the R state.

As a result, activity rises at low PALA concentrations; but, as PALA concentration increases, more and more of the active sites are replaced by the non-hydrolyzable bisubstrate analog, and activity decreases. PALA activation is not detected at high Asp concentrations and a saturating concentration of CP.

Because the enzyme population is already in the R state under these conditions, PALA binding merely blocks the active site to which it binds and decreases activity.

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Mitochondria contain circular strands of DNA similar to that found in many prokaryotes.Most important are those striking similarities between prokaryotes and mitochondria.

Each mitochondria is its own circular DNA genome like a bacteria's genome , but that is much smaller than mitochondria genome. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotic cells and their division by splitting /fission similar to prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes lack mitochondria ATP present on their cell membrane surface.Bacteria and mitochondria are also similar in the light of genetic elements -both contain circular DNA  and divide through fission. Mitrochondria have plump,jellybeans like shapes which is similar to rod shaped bacilli bacteria.

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Answer: it indicated macroevolution will typically involve cladogenesis, rather than anagenetic modification of populations

Explanation:

Answer:

It's very important because it helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants through the biochemical process. In the process of ammonification, the bacteria help in decomposing the animal and plant matter, which indirectly helps to clean up the environment.

Explanation:

Answer:

The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen, in various forms, is circulated from the atmosphere to the living organisms and later back to the atmosphere. Living organisms require nitrogen for the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The atmosphere contains almost 78% of the nitrogen in an inert form (N2). Living organisms cannot use this nitrogen unless it is converted to ammonia, nitrates, and other usable compounds of nitrogen.

The nitrogen cycle is a cyclic process where the nitrogen travels from the inorganic form in the atmosphere to the organic way in the living organisms. The nitrogen cycle contains several steps, including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. This cycle is essential in maintaining a proper ecological balance and is present in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

Molecules that absorb light energy are called pigment.

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In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as frequency-dependent selection.

Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process in which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype is dependent on the frequency of that phenotype or genotype in a particular population.

In a broader sense, frequency-dependent selection involves biological interactions that make the fitness of an individual dependent on the frequencies of other genotypes or phenotypes within the population.

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Fibromyalgia syndrome.

Fibromyalgia is the second most common condition affecting your bones and muscles.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common rheumatoid disorder of the muscles and bones that does not involve the joints. FMS causes pain and fatigue, and people with FMS feel as if their muscles have been pulled or overworked. The condition is often misdiagnosed and misunderstood.

But it does not cause elevated inflammation levels in the bloodstream. It does not cause joint damage and is not organ-threatening. Fibromyalgia is often triggered by a stressful event, including physical stress or emotional (psychological) stress. Possible triggers for the condition include: an injury or a viral infection.

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Answer:

Due to having partly filled d-orbitals transition metals usually show variable valency.

Explanation:

Between the (n-1)d and ns subshells, there is relatively little energy difference. (n-1)d and ns electrons can be found in transition metals.

Transition metals can instantly obtain half-filled and completely filled stable structures after losing a few s and d electrons.

They could have several of these oxidation states.

Since the creation of chemical bonds involves both (n-1) d and ns.

Transitional elements are those belonging to groupings 3 through 12. (or III B to VIII). The term "Transition Metals" refers to a group of 38 elements. Contrary to the majority of Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Non-Metals, Halogens, Metalloids, Lanthanides, and Actinides, Transition Metals are colored both in their compounds and in their pure state. This is due to the crystal structure of the compounds created by the transition metals, which allows them to absorb a certain frequency (color) of visible light and produce a complementary color in return (frequency). Keep in mind that on the color wheel, the complementary color is the one that is opposite to the absorbed color.

Let's say we use crystals of ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 (there is a Chromium atom in one molecule of the compound). Because the molecules in the complex absorb blue light and reflect the complementary color, it appears orange to us (in this case, Orange). Because organic substances absorb light from beyond the visible light spectrum and then simultaneously reflect all of the visible light, we see them as being white or colorless.

The Transition elements are:

That’s it.

Our actual respiratory capacity is 12- 20 breaths per minute as much as our 'normal' breathing.

Normal respiration rates for an adult person at rest range from 12 to 16 breaths per minute. Respiration rate is measured as the number of complete breaths counted in 30 seconds. The respiration rate in females is generally faster than in males. One breath equals one inhalation and one exhalation. The respiration rate is measured as the number of complete breaths counted in 1 minute.

Respiration rate depends on fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different health conditions for example adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration .other factors include emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, and exercise-induced fatigue.

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Anatomically, the iliopsoas, a deep muscle group, joins the spine to the lower limbs.

Background:

Up to 4.3 percent of patients who have total hip arthroplasty (THA) experience functional groin pain due to iliopsoas impingement. Historically, surgical treatments have included acetabulum revision or open iliopsoas tenotomies. In order to assess the effectiveness and hazards of endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy for iliopsoas impingement following THA, we provide a sizable single surgeon series of patient cases.

Methods:

The endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy performed on a sequential series of 60 patients with iliopsoas impingement following THA was retrospectively assessed. Complications, changes in Hip Outcome Score (HOS), and pain relief were all evaluated as outcomes. A musculoskeletal radiologist examined the radiographs to assess component placement and to contrast with a control cohort.

Results:

93.3 percent of patients reported pain relief at the most recent follow-up (mean 5.5 months). The mean of the HOS activities of daily living (ADL) subscale was 57.5 before surgery (range: 10.9-89.3, SD: 18.8), and it was 71.6 after surgery (range: 14.1-100, SD: 26.1) (P =.005). Preoperatively, the HOS sports subscale had a mean of 37.3 (range 0-83.3, SD 24.0), and postoperatively, it had a mean of 58.1 (range 0-100, SD 33.2) (P =.002). A postoperative hematoma that was treated conservatively was the only documented consequence. Iliopsoas symptoms following THA in this series were linked to body mass index and greater offset.

Conclusion:

Endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy following THA had a low rate of complications, a 93.3 percent pain remission rate, and clinically significant improvements in HOS. Patients who have iliopsoas impingement after THA should be treated with endoscopic tenotomy.

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When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they generally tend to rate at a higher scale for the trait when compared to others.

Self overestimation refers to the judgment calculation which tends to be excessively favorable for the person who is comparing with others.

Self overestimation is a common problem when people need to have a conception of a particular trait of the feature, , but this phenomenon is associated with biases that distort the real value of the trait.

In conclusion, when people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they generally tend to rate at a higher scale for the trait when compared to others.

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The leverage of the biceps brachii applies its force six times closer to the fulcrum (elbow joint) than the resistance. this means it will need to exert 36 kg of force to support a load of 6 kg.

The triceps brachii (TB) is the only muscle that lies along the posterior humerus. It is a 3-headed, fusiform muscle that, on the shoulder, works in a third-elegance lever since the force is implemented among the joint axis and the weight.

Within the elbow joint, the triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon method of the ulna posterior to the elbow joint. While the triceps contract, it pulls the olecranon procedure proximally, swinging the ulna distally and lengthening the forearm.

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The amino acid sequence for the following DNA sequence is Met-Ser-Cys-His.

Transcription is the process of conversion of genetic information carried by the DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

               mRNA sequence 5’−ATGTCTTGCCAT−3’

Translation is the process of conversion of information carried by the mRNA into an amino acid sequence.

        Here, mRNA sequence 5’−ATGTCTTGCCAT−3’

        Amino acid sequence: Met-Ser-Cys-His

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According to the research, this new species most likely belongs to the Protista kingdom since it has a defined nucleus.

They are unicellular or multicellular microorganisms that, for the most part, feed autotrophically, and that, on the other hand, cannot be included in the remaining three kingdoms of eukaryotes.

It can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic by photosynthesis, although many of them combine both forms of nutrition and have chloroplasts, mitochondria, a defined nucleus, among other structures.

Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, this new species most likely belongs to the Protista kingdom since it has a defined nucleus.

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