Answers
Allelic frequencies ⇒ q = 0.9, p = 0.1. Genotypic frequencies ⇒ q² = 0.81, 2pq = 0.18, p² = 0.01. Number of individuals with each genotype ⇒ homozygous recessive = 850.5 individuals. Heterozygous = 189 individuals. Homozygous dominant = 10.5 individuals.
To answer this question, we will assume this moth population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What is the Hardy-Weinber equilibrium?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a theory that proposes that when populations are in equilibrium they are not evolving. And if populations are not evolving, their allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same generation after generation.
Assuming diallelic genes code for a particular feature,
Allelic frequency
f(X) ⇒ p ⇒ frequency of the dominant allelef(x) ⇒ q ⇒ frequency of the recessive alleleGenotypic frequencies
F(XX) ⇒ p² ⇒ homozygous dominant frequencyF(Xx) ⇒ 2pq ⇒ heterozygous frequencyF(xx) ⇒ q² ⇒ homozygous recessive frequencyIn populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the addition of allelic and genotypic frequencies will always equal 1.
p + q = 1p² + 2pq + q² = 1Now, we will use this framework to get the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the 5th generation.
We know that,
1000 moths were released in a forest (N = 1000). 250 were white (Typica), and 750 were black (Carbonaria).A diallelic gene codes for color. The dominant allele -D- codes for black (carbonaria), and the recessive allele -d- codes for white (Typica).Once released, these individuals produced five new generations, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5.G5 is composed of 851 white individuals (typica) and 199 dark individuals (carbonaria). The total number of individuals is 199 + 851 = 1050.1) Phenotype frequencies
Now that we have the number of individuals expressing each color and the total number of individuals, we can get the phenotypic frequencies.
To calculate them we just need to divide the number of individuals with each phenotype by the total number of individuals in this generation. So,
Total number of individuals in G5 → 1050White = Typica = 851 individualsBlack = Carbonaria = 199 individuals⇒ F(Typica) = 851 / 1050 = 0.81
⇒ F(Carbonaria) = 199 / 1050 = 0.189 ≅ 0.19
Notice that these frequencies were already given in the Phenotype Frequency table.
2) Allelic Frequencies
Now, we will use the phenotypic frequencies to get the allelic frequencies.
Carbonaria (black) is the dominant phenotype, so it includes homozygous dominant individuals (DD) and heterozygous individuals (Dd). We can not get the allelic frequencies from this data.
So, to get the allelic frequencies we will use the recessive phenotypic frequency because it only includes homozygous recessive individuals, dd.
Homozygous recessive Gentoypic frequency = Recessive Phenotypic frequencyGenotypic frequency → F(dd) → Represented as q²F(Typica) = F(dd) = q² = 0.81Recessive allele → dRecessive allelic frequency → f(d) → Represented as qf(d) = q = ??
q² = 0.81
q = √ 0.81
q = 0.9
0.9 is the recessive allelic frequency.
With this data we will calculate the dominant allelic frequency. To do this, we will clear the following formula,
p + q = 1
p + 0.9 = 1
p = 1 - 0.9
p = 0.1
So, now we also know that
⇒ f(D) = p = 0.1
⇒ f(d) = q = 0.9
3) Genotypic Frequencies
Now, we need to get the genotypic frequencies, F(xx)
⇒ F(DD) = p² = 0.1² = 0.01
⇒ F(Dd) = 2pq = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18
⇒ F(dd) = q² = 0.9² = 0.81
4) Number of individuals
Finally, we need to tell the number of individuals with each genotype. We just need to multiply each frequency by the total number of individuals in G5.
F(DD) = p² = 0.01F(Dd) = 2pq = 0.18F(dd) = q² = 0.81Total number of individuals = 1050
⇒ DD Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.01 x 1050 = 10.5
⇒ Dd Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.18 x 1050 = 189
⇒ dd White -Typica- individuals → 0.81 x 1050 = 850.5
From this results, we can conclude that the moths population is not in H-W equilibrium, because their allelic and genotypic frequencies changed through generations.
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Related Questions
Explain how the geological events (earthquakes and volcanoes) affect the quality of life of the people living in all three states (California, Georgia, and Hawaii)
Answers
The geological events taking place in these states makes a huge impact over the lives of the residents. The life of such people is under risk factors always.
What are the preventive measures to such activities ?The residents living away from most hazardous sites, various safety measures that are needed to take place at the time of any happening.
People living in such areas are under risks always, loss in mental peace, loss of properties, loss of financial statures as well.
Thus, it is always wiser to take important steps in order to avoid such mishaps.
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farmers are aware that chemical fertilizers cause damage to the soil, they still use it because of ?
Answers
Fertilizers maximize crop yield and increase plant production so, it is used by the farmers in the field.
What are Fertilizers?Fertilizers are the food for plants which provide nutrients to the plants for growth. These are the chemical substances which is applied to the crops to increase their yields and production. It can be of natural or synthetic origin which is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.
There are three types of fertilizers which provide the growth to the plants.
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
These fertilizers can be used in the field
N, P and K Fertilizers.Micronutrient FertilizersRock PhosphateOrganic Manures.Thus, fertilizers maximize crop yield and increase plant production so, it is used by the farmers in the field.
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The cactus has a specialized fleshy stem that is specialized to store water for long periods of time. Which plant tissue most likely makes this action possible?
apical
dermal
ground
vascular
Answers
Answer:
dermal
Explanation:
the dermal because is the most external tissue of the plant an with the thorns they can collect the water and then during the drought they can use these water
examples and non examples of a isotope
Answers
Answer:
carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14
Explanation:
this three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14 respectively.
which organisms in an ecosystem require the most energy to sustain life?
Answers
24 kcal The greatest energy is needed by hawk (carnivore) creatures in an ecosystem to maintain existence.
What, in plain terms, is an ecosystem?Entry-level encyclopedia vocabulary An ecosystem is a region where a bubble of life is created by plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors. Abiotic variables, or nonliving components, coexist with biotic components in ecosystems.
Describe the natural ecosystem.The interactions between species and the environment produce a natural ecosystem. An ocean, for instance, is categorized as a marine ecosystem since it contains algae, consumers, and decomposers. This kind of ecosystem goes through a cycle that starts with algae producing energy through photosynthesis.
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How does the tortoise get nitrogen?
Answers
The tortoise got nitrogen eating the plants.
What is nitrogen ?
There are numerous gases in our atmosphere. But did you realize which gas makes up the greatest part of the composition.Nitrogen Gas is what it is. In terms of atmospheric composition, it contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and traces of carbon dioxide, krypton, and hydrogen.
Nitrous oxide, neon, helium, methane, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia are also present. As the most prevalent element in the Earth's atmosphere, it is also the primary ingredient of all biological stuff.
Herbage provided more dry matter and energy to tortoises than grass. Although herbage provided more N and retained more of it than grass, amino acid compositions and actual N digestibilities were comparable between diets. Herbage had more Ca than grass, particularly in respect to P (Ca:P 14.5 vs. 1.9), although this was mitigated by the herbage's decreased absorption of Ca. K intakes from herbage were higher than from grass, and this was related to the digestive loss of Mg from herbage. The low Na concentration of both forages resulted in net Na losses.
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D. Variation existed in the traits of the fox population. Foxes with smaller ears and noses were able to stay warmer and were more likely to survive and reproduce to pass their genes on to offspring. Over time, the fox population showed a shift to smaller ears and noses.
Answers
The variations in the traits of fox population made them survive more in the cold climate.
What are variations?
Any difference in cells, individuals, or populations of organisms of any species that may be attributed to genetic differences (genotypic variation) or to the influence of environmental conditions on the manifestation of genetic potentials is referred to as variations.Variations in organisms leads to their better adaptations in the adverse climate.What are adaptations?
Adaptation is the feature of an organism's behavior or physical makeup that enhances the organism's capacity for survival in its environment.
Therefore, variations leads to adaptation of organisms which increases their survival rate. Also the genetic variations are passed on to next generations.
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Which of these is an independent variable? (Select all that apply)
CO₂ concentration
Light intensity
Prepared plant
Amount of liquid added
Experimental apparatus
Run Time
O₂ Produced
Answers
Three independent variables: CO2 concentration, Light intensity, and O2 production
How do I identify the independent variable?Put the variables in the line "The Independent variable causes a shift in Dependent variable" to distinguish dependent and independent variables in study the easiest manner possible.
What types of variables can be used in research?Characteristics called variables can have various values. It is an independent variable that doesn't alter as a result of the other variables you're attempting to assess. An independent variable could be something like a person's age. Other aspects of a person's life, like as what they eat, how much they attend school, or how much television they watch, won't alter their age.
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Identify and define the anther, stigma, style, filament, pistil, petal, stamen, ovary, sepal, and ovule
Answers
A: Ovule: Ovule is that part of the plant which forms the seed of flowering plant when fertilized.
B: Ovary: The ductless reproductive gland is known as the ovary. It houses a large number of ovules. It is the part of plant where seed formation takes place.
C: Style: The stalk that joins the stigma and the ovary is long and slender, like a tube called style.
D: Stigma: The receptive tip at the top of each carpel in the gynoecium of a flower.
E: Pistil: The female reproductive organ of a flower, the pistil is located inside and is made up of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The term "pistil" refers to all of this.
F: Anther: It is a yellow, sac-like structure. The pollen is placed and stored in the anther.
G: Stamen: Also referred to as an androecium, this is the male reproductive component. It is made up of : filaments and anthers.
H: Filament: It is a thin, threadlike structure that supports the anther.
I: Sepal: The green portion that lies under the petals and shields developing buds is known as a sepal.
J: Petal: Petals are a modified version of leaves that are brightly colored to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the flower's reproductive parts.
What are the different components of a flower?
The Vegetative components of flower are: Petals and Sepals.The Reproductive components of flower are:Stamen, Anther, Filament, Pistil, Stigma, Style, Ovary.
How does flowers reproduce?
Flowers are a plant's reproductive organs that participate in sexual reproduction. It contains the female reproductive organ known as a gynoecium and the male reproductive organ known as an androecium. Through pollination, the androecium's pollen grains are delivered to the gynoecium's stigma. The male gametes are transferred from the pollen grain to the female gamete that is already present in the ovary through the pollen tube as it grows and develops. The zygote is created when the male and female gametes combine. The ovules become seeds, and the ovary becomes fruit. When these seeds are spread in the soil, they germinate and produce new plants.
Therefore, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J are Ovule, Ovary, Style, Stigma, Pistil, Anther, Stamen, Filament, Sepal and Petal, respectively.
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Name the three most common
prokaryotic shapes?
A. bacteria, archaea, and protists
B. cocci, bacilli, and spirilla this
C. Neither of these
Answers
Answer: B. Cocci, Bacilli, and Spirilla
Explanation:
describe the energy transfer that occurred between the lanuch of a rocket and its continuing flight out of the atmosphere.
Answers
The energy transfer that occurred between the lanuch of a rocket and its continuing flight out of the atmosphere is that the chemical energy stored in the fuel of the rocket is transformed into heat energy.
What is energy transfer?Energy transfer is defined as the process by which a form of energy is being transformed to another form without destruction of the energy.
There are various ways by which energy can be transferred and it includes the following:
Mechanical: That is through the action of a force.Electrical: That is, through the action of an electrical current.Radiation: Through Light waves or Sound waves.Heating: That is , through conduction, convection or radiation.When a rocket is being launched, the chemical energy in its fuel would be converted to another form of energy called heat energy through the actions of mechanical and heating processes of the rocket engine.
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Provide a possible solution to reduce the damaging effects of an El Niño or las Nina event
Answers
Solution to reduce the damaging effects of an El Niño or las Nina event is alternating extreme weather condition which emanates from east central equatorial pacific ocean
El Niño is usually associated with rising sea level which raises temprature beyond normal and resulting into events such as flooding and rainstorm and El Niño effect can be curtailed by building storm resist structure in affected area while also ensuring good drainage system to reduce the effect of flooding's and more than 60 million around the world have been impacted and people whose livelihood depend in agriculture, fisheries and livestock's are particularly affected and hence resulting in extreme weather condition in some other location on earth
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List three organisms that live in the rainforest
Answers
Answer: Poison Dart Frog, Jaguar, Sloths
Explanation:
Claim:The survival trait became common in the bed bug population because their immune system got used to the chemicals causing them to mutate in order to survive.
What would be the evidence to support this.
Answers
The evidence that would support the claim the survival trait became common in the bed bug population because their immune system got used to the chemicals causing them to mutate in order to survive is the change in the allele frequency for the mutated gene variant in the population across generations.
What is a genetic mutation?A genetic mutation can be defined as any alteration in the genetic material of an organism that may be associated with a change in the phenotype when this mutation affects a gene that encodes for such trait.
A mutation may be beneficial, deleterious or neutral depending on the resulting phenotype and it may produce a positive change in the allele frequency in the case of positive germinal mutations.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a genetic mutation may be beneficial and it may lead to a positive change in the allele frequency when it is a germinal beneficial mutation.
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If mitosis but not cytokinesis occurred in onion root tip cells, what would you expect to see on a slide of these root cells?
Answers
Answer: Well, cytokines happens after mitosis so you wouldn't see the daughter cells dividing yet.
Explanation: Onion root-tip cells divide once every 24 hours, or roughly two hours after sunrise, and go through a cell cycle that lasts for about 24 hours. Therefore, in order to harvest the greatest amount of proliferating cells, water-grown roots should only be removed at that time.
Define umbra pleaseeeeeeeeeeeee
Answers
Umbra can simply be defined as full shadow region of a shadow cast represented by an opaque object as it relates to eclipse.
How an eclipse is related to the eclipse of the moon.The eclipse of the moon occurs naturally when the location or position of earth is found between the moon, sun and the Earth's shadow. The eclipse of the moon or lunar eclipse can be completely observed and identified in fully shaded region of a shadow cast as discussed from the solution above.
In conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation above that umbra also means darkness.
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Breakout Edu question 2 on family gathering I don’t know if anyone can help but I could use it.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
.
Form a hypothesis to explain the earthquakes that preceded the eruption of Mount St. Helens' 2004 eruption.
Answers
The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes produced by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain.
What preceded the eruption of Mount St. Helens' 2004 eruption?A wave of diminishing pressure traveled down the volcanic conduit until it reached the underground magma reservoir. The magma reservoir then started to rise, produce bubbles (degas), and erupt explosively, which drove a Plinian eruption that lasted for 9 hours. Mount St. Helens's summit crater saw a steam-blast eruption recently.
An injection of magma at a shallow depth below the mountain caused an enormous bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope before the eruption, which was preceded by a series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes that lasted for two months.
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A geologist is studying some ancient igneous rocks. She uses the unstable element Uranium 235 to date the material. The half-life of this element is 704 million years. If she finds parent isotope to daughter isotope ratio in the amount 12.5% parent to 87.5% daughter, about how old will the sample be?
Answers
The age of the sample from the half life is 2.1 * 10^9 years.
What is the age of the sample?We know that when radioactivity is taking place, the parent nucleus would disintegrate and the daughter nucleus is formed. We can know the amount of the parent and daughter isotope as it is in the question.
We mow need to find the age of the sample from;
N/No = (1/2)^t/[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2} }[/tex]
N = Number of atoms that remain after time t
No = Number of atoms originally present
t = age of the sample
[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2} }[/tex] = Half life of the sample.
To obtain the age of the sample;
0.125No/No = (1/2)^t/704 * 10^6
0.125 = (1/2)^t/704 * 10^6
(0.5)^3 = (0.5)^t/704 * 10^6
3 = t/704 * 10^6
t = 3 * 704 * 10^6
t = 2.1 * 10^9 years
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What passes through the
electron transport chain
AND both photosystems
to create a usable form of
energy for plants?
A. oxygen
B. electrons this is answer
C. pigments
Answers
Electrons passes through the electron transport chain and both photosystems to create a usable form of energy for plants
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reaction and creating an electrochemical gradient that lead to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation and it occur in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis and energy in form of ATP is generated at both cellular respiration and photosynthesis and in cellular respiration energy is synthesized in the mitochondria when electron passes through series of complex composed of the protein called as electron transport chain and electron produced from splitting water passes photosystem
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Answer: Electrons
Explanation: The electron transport chain is a series of molecules that accept or donate electrons easily
genotypes and phenotypes
Answers
Answer:
A person's genotype is their unique sequence of DNA. More specifically, this term is used to refer to the two alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene. Phenotype is the detectable expression of this genotype – a patient's clinical presentation.
Explanation:
How is the body able to prevent future infections by the same virus?
Answers
25. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS FALSE ABOUT FATTY ACIDS?
a)Melting point of fatty acids decreases with increase in degree of saturation
b) Lipids in tissues that are subjected to cooling are more unsaturated
require organic solvents
LOPURAM
C)Naturally occurring unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are nearly Trans-configur
d) The membrane lipids contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids
Answers
Saturated fatty acids press in on one another when temperatures drop, creating a dense, rather hard membrane. Thus, option B is correct.
What are the important properties of fatty acids?In weakly or non-polar organic solvents like ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone, all lipids are insoluble; however, polar organic solvents like water are very soluble.
In fact, the terms “lipid-solvents” and “fat-solvents” are frequently used to describe these four solvents.
Therefore, Unsaturated fatty acids can preserve membrane fluidity by being compressed, which causes the “kinks” in their tails to push apart nearby phospholipid molecules.
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______Cannot control heat loss from the body
Answers
Adipose tissue cannot control heat loss from the body
Adipose tissue is present beneath the skin which protect the skin from heat loss and it will act as a cushion to the skin when an external pressure applied and adipose tissue act as insulating material and prevent excessive loss of heat in severe cold and there are four way the body loses heat and they are evaporation , convection, conduction, and radiation in evaporation body heat turns sweat vapor and in convection heat loses by air or water moving across the skin surfaces and conduction means direct contact with an object and radiation means the body radiates like a fire you can feel heat without being inside the fire
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The production of ATP in the mitochondria
a. is anaerobic
b. takes place in the outer layer of mitochondria
c. takes place in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
d. is directly responsible for beginning the process of making ribosomal RNA
e: requires oxygen
Answers
Answer:
e: requires oxygen
Explanation:
a: false, the process is aerobic
b: false, takes place in the matrix
c: false, prokaryotes lack mitochondria
d: false, it is not resonsible for process of rna production
A student is constructing a model to illustrate the levels of organization for life on Earth.
Which description would be the best to add to the model for level 3?
Responses
Answers
1: Population; 2: Biome;3: Ecosystem
Population refers to the number of people in a state. Biome is a large area characterised by it's vegetation, soil,climate, and wildlife. Ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals and other organisms exists.
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Speed can be determined by dividing the distance by the Displacement Time Velocity Density
Answers
The speed of a moving object can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time taken. The second option.
What is speed?Speed is the property of a moving body that is obtained by finding the ratio of the distance covered by the body and the time taken to cover the distance.
The speed of a moving object can be expressed mathematically as:
Speed = distance/time.
The SI unit of distance is meter while the SI unit of time is seconds. Thus, the unit of speed is meter per seconds, usually denoted as m/s. However, any other unit that is a derivative of meter per second can be used to qualify the speed of an object.
The speed of an object is a scalar quantity because it measures magnitude only. This is unlike vector quatities that has both magniture and direction.
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In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r). Cross a homozygous dominant fruit with a heterozygous fruit. What percentage will the offspring have yellow fruit?
Answers
The percentage of offspring that will have yellow fruit if a homozygous dominant (RR) fruit is crossed with a heterozygous (Rr) fruit is 0%.
What is a punnet square?A punnet square is the graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.
According to this question, in tomato plants, red fruit (R) is said to be dominant to yellow fruit (r). This means that the homozygous dominant genotype will be RR while the heterozygous fruit will have a genotype of Rr.
Hence, if a cross between RR (red) × Rr (red) occurs, the following offsprings will be produced:
RRRRRrRrBased on the above genotype of the offsprings, it can be observed that none of them have a yellow fruit phenotype, hence, the percentage will be 0%.
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Which of the following DNA analysis techniques requires the most steps to complete?
STR profiling
SNP analysis
Y-STR analysis
DNA fingerprinting
Answers
The DNA analysis technique that requires the most steps to complete is DNA fingerprinting (Option D) The DNA fingerprinting takes 8 steps to complete.
What is DNA fingerprinting?DNA fingerprinting is a technique for identifying an individual from a DNA sample by examining distinctive patterns in their DNA.
The steps involved in DNA fingerprinting are as follows: The DNA is being isolated. The DNA is digested using restriction endonuclease enzymes. Electrophoresis is used to separate digested fragments based on fragment size.
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How does the body respond if the skeletal system does not function properly? I would like a detailed answer please :)
Answers
If there is no skeletal system, the person will not be able to move at all or breathe.
Why is the skeletal system so important?The skeletal system not only serves as a support and lever for the movements of the body, it also serves as protection for the internal organs so that in the face of an impact it does not cause them any damage.
Also the thorax, apart from supporting all the thoracic organs and protecting them, will have a function in breathing so that they inflate while the diaphragm contracts. If all this is not done simultaneously, breathing will not be possible and this will be incompatible with life.
As for the skull, there will not be the correct separation of nerves and brain fluids and this will not be sustainable for life either, since a certain support is needed that gives the cerebrospinal fluid to the structures of the central nervous system and the intracranial pressure that also occurs.
Therefore, we can confirm that if there is no skeletal system, the person will not be able to move at all or breathe.
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