Bladder cancer (BCa) is an endocrine-related tumor and the activation of androgen signaling pathways may promote bladder tumorigenesis.
Abstract:We compiled the research on the effects of altering androgen signaling pathways on Bladder cancer therapy outcomes, both preclinical and clinical. A thorough analysis was done in December 2020. The following criteria were met by the papers we included: examining the effects of androgen signaling regulation on the results of Bladder cancer treatments through innovative preclinical and clinical studies. Eight clinical trials and six preclinical studies were found. Preclinical research shows that the activity of radiation, doxorubicin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and the Bacillus Calmette Guerin may be affected by the modification of androgen receptor-related pathways.
Patients receiving treatment with 5-ARIs or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have a considerably lower relative risk of developing Bladder cancer again after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) (Relative risk: 0.50, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.30-0.82; p = 0.006). In patients using 5-ARIs, subgroup analysis showed a relative risk of BCa recurrence of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22-0.95; p = 0.040). The ratio of T1 Bladder cancer patients in treated/control groups and the relative risk of BCa recurrence were found to be significantly negatively correlated. A promising technique to lower the recurrence rate of Bladder cancer, particularly in patients with early-stage disease, may involve 5-ARI therapy. To corroborate these early findings, additional research is required.
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What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?
The combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called electrochemical gradient. It is a gradient of electrochemical potential for an ion that move across a membrane.
The gradient has two parts -chemical gradient and electrical gradient. When unequal concentration of an ion across a permeable membrane and the ions moves toward the membrane from the higher concentration to lower concentration through the process of simple diffusion.
If unequal distribution of charges towards the membrane then electric potential generates a force that drive ion diffusion until the equilibrium is attained and both sides are balanced. This electrochemical gradient is important to the operation of batteries and photosynthesis and cellular respiration or other biological processes.
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What type of container is required for transporting low-level radioactive materials, such as protective clothing?
Any shipment of radioactive materials, whether from the government or the private sector, must be carried and packaged in accordance with stringent Federal requirements. These restrictions shield the public, transportation employees, and the environment from radiation exposure.
Adhering to the necessary packing regulations can limit the danger of transporting radioactive items most effectively.Based on these considerations, radioactive material is transported in one of three different types of containers.
Type A packagingType B packagingIndustrial packagingDue to their low radioactivity, industrial packages are used to convey materials that pose a little risk from radiation exposure. These are also referred to as sturdy, secure containers. This container will keep its contents and protect them during routine transportation operations. Materials that might be transported in industrial packaging include smoke detectors, lab samples, and slightly contaminated clothing.
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Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
A) loss of ADH secretionB) loss of GH secretionC) loss of melatonin secretionD) loss of emotional responseE) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
A )loss of ADH secretion.
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause loss of ADH secretion. Reason behind this is antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in hypothalamic supra optic nerves .Hence, destruction of supra optic nerve in the hypothalamus will alter the production and secretion of ADH . ADH is stored in posterior pituitary gland and is released into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid changes by the osmoreceptors in the brain.
Deficiency of ADH can cause or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH also known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These patients, if untreated, have the predictable result of dehydration, hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, and eventual death in severe cases.
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Some proteins in the ______ use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Electron transport chain means a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions which usually creates an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
What are proteins?Proteins simply refers to those nitrogenous organic compounds or substances which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids
So therefore, some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion
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please i need help right now!
White moths were found in huge numbers in the english city of birmingham. these moths could be easily camouflaged by the trees because white lichen covered the bark. because of sudden industrial development, the city’s trees became covered with soot. how will this change affect the population of the white moth? a. the population will decrease. b. the population will increase. c. there will be no change in their population. d. the population will change their food preferences.
The correct answer is a. the population will decrease of white moths.
White mothsThe white satin moth, also known as the satin moth or Leucoma salicis, is a member of the Erebidae family of moths. Carl Linnaeus published the first description of the species in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758. It can be found in Europe, including the British Isles, but not in the far north. Additionally in North America, where it was first introduced in the 1920s. The wingspan is between 37 and 50 mm. White, occasionally ochreous, or in the male, even with a blackish costal edge; dark on the head, collar, and antennal pectinations. Broad black rings on the tarsi and tibiae. The East Asian species Leucoma candida has distinct male genitalia, considerably purer glossy white wings that are completely opaque and have thicker scales, and it is generally smaller with narrower wings.
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Answer: the population will decrease option A
Explanation:
IF YOUR ON PLATO LAB
HOPE THIS HELPS
________is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base
Metabolic acidosis is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base.
What is metabolic acidosis?The primary function of the kidney is to purge toxins from the blood and convert waste products into urine. Around 160 grams of weight and one to one and a half litres of urine are excreted daily by each kidney.When the kidneys do not properly eliminate acids from the blood into the urine, renal tubular acidosis (RTA) ensues. The result is an excessively high blood acid level, or acidosis. While having some blood acid is natural, having too much acid can cause numerous biological functions to become unbalanced.When there is too much acid in the body's fluids, it is called acidosis.When your kidneys and lungs are unable to maintain a healthy pH level in your body, acidosis results. Acid is created by numerous bodily activities.Learn more about kidney here:
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Which procedure involves excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue?
According to the research, the correct option is transsphenoidal surgery, this procedure implies the excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue.
What is transsphenoidal surgery?It is a treatment for pituitary tumors that uses the endoscope as a source of vision and that allows the doctor to reach the pituitary gland and nearby areas through the sphenoid sinus, preserving nasal anatomy and functionality.
Generally, this technique is indicated for patients with microadenomas as well as macroadenomas and other pathologies in the region that cause symptoms such as vision loss, headaches, or hormone-related problems.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is transsphenoidal surgery, this procedure implies the excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue.
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Use what you know about fossils to choose the correct answers from the drop-down menus to complete each
statement.
If the same organism appears on two different continents, this is evidence of
Fossils show how organisms change, or
v over time.
Fossils provide a record of animals that are
x], or no longer living.
The answer to the questions include the following:
If the same organism appears on two different continents, this is evidence of plate movement.Fossils show how organisms change, or evolve over time.Fossils provide a record of animals that are extinct or no longer living.What is a Fossil?This is defined as the remains of plants and animals which have been preserved in the earth crust. Fossils helps in the study of organisms and how they evolved from others as a result of a change in their living conditions. This happened so as to enable them survive thereby giving rise to more fit offspring.
Fossils provide a record of animals that are extinct or no longer living such as dinosaurs etc. Similar organisms being present on different continents is as a result of plate movement thereby making it the most appropriate choices.
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Which instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth?
Periodontal curettes instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth.
What is periodontal curette ?
Periodontal curettes have a rounded back and toe, one face, and one or two cutting edges. They are often the tool of choice for removing supragingival calculi. When doing nonsurgical periodontal therapy as part of a patient's oral hygiene care, universal and Gracey curettes are frequently employed.
What type of instrument is periodontal curette ?
ultrasound instruments The main kind of treatment for eliminating plaque and calculus is ultrasound technology. These power-driven devices oscillate at incredibly fast rates, creating tiny vibrations that help eliminate calculus and subgingival plaque.
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The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by:_______
The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by Conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the sclera. The sclera, or white of the eye, is strong tissue that wraps around the eyeball. It helps maintain your eyeball's shape and protects it from injury.
The ciliary body is the tissue which covers the inner part of the anterior segment of the eye coating. It is composed of the ciliary muscle and processes. On the surface of the ciliary body is the black ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humors.
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Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct
The exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
What are preloads?Preload are also known as the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
It is also known as the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. It is the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during the systole.
Preload is also affected by the rate of venous return and the venous blood pressure , which are affected by the volume of circulating blood and venous tone .
Preload is increased by exercising , or increase in blood pressure and neuroendocrine excitement .
Thus, the exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
The complete question is
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct?
a. End diastolic volume (EDV) decreases.
b. Stroke volume decreases
c. Venous return decreases.
d. Preload increases.
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Chemical pesticides are used by farmers to kill pests in farms. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has been found to be harmful for the ecosystem. Jerry, a farmer, uses chemical pesticides to protect his crops. In this scenario, the use of chemical pesticides _____.
Chemical pesticides are used by farmers to kill pests in farms. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has been found to be harmful for the ecosystem. Jerry, a farmer, uses chemical pesticides to protect his crops. In this scenario, the use of chemical pesticides is still harmful due to its permanent effects on the ecosystem.
Pesticides are chemical substances that are used to eradicate undesired organisms such as insects, rodents, fungi, and plants (weeds). There are more than a thousand different insecticides in use today. Pesticides are used in agriculture to kill pests that harm crops and in public health to kill disease vectors like mosquitoes.Pesticides have a terrible impact on human health. Pesticides have been shown to have an adverse effect on development and reproduction, as well as to damage the kidneys and liver and disturb the endocrine system.Pesticides, which kill weeds or insects, can be poisonous to a variety of other creatures, such as fish, birds, helpful insects, and non-target plants.learn more about Chemical pesticides here: https://brainly.com/question/12912926
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How do xenoturbellida relate to hemichordates and nonvertebrate chordates?
The deuterostome group's gene arrangement in the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella bocki is remarkably close to that of the chordates and hemichordates and hence to the ancestor deuterostome gene order. Inversion and breakpoint studies particularly point to a similarity to the hemichordates.
Previous morphological investigations imply that Xenoturbella could be classified as a bivalve mollusc, a basal bilaterian, a turbellarian flatworm, a sister group to the echinoderms(nonvertebrate), or a hemichordate. Recent genetic analyses that focus mostly on nuclear genes appear to favour the Ambulacraria (echinoderms + hemichordates). In contrast, a basal deuterostome location is supported by mitochondrial sequences.
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The structural commonality of the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis is that they are __________.
The structural commonality of the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis is that they are parallel muscles whose fibers run along through the long axis of the body.
Together with the pyramidalis muscle, the rectus abdominis is a member of the anterior abdominal muscles. However, when considering the functional architecture, these two muscles, together with the three lateral abdominal muscles—the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis make up the anterolateral abdominal wall.
The biceps brachii muscle, also known as the "biceps," is a big, thick arm muscle with two heads. The supraglenoid tubercle, located above the glenoid cavity of the scapula, is the location of the long head. It is extra synovial while being in the intracapsular area.
At the humeral head, the long biceps tendon curves sharply before continuing on in the bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus). Ligaments in the capsular region (also known as the biceps pulley) hold this pivotal point in place.
Short head: Arises at the coracoid process of the scapula, where it partially fuses with the coracobrachialis origin tendon.
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What is the second greatest color of light chlorophyll A absorbs?
Answer: Chlorophyll a absorbs violet and orange light the most. Chlorophyll b absorbs mostly blue and yellow light.
Explanation: They both also absorb light of other wavelengths with less intensity.
I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST IF YOU ANSWER THIS.
Answer:cell is the basic unit of life.
A cell may be unicellular or multicellular
Explanation:
Answer:
Two of the three points of cell theory:1) All living organisms are composed of one or more Cells.2) Cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of living organisms.Hope this helps.Good luck ✅.the _______ is the central organ in the circulatory system. it has four chambers.
The complete sentence is "The heart is the central organ in the circulatory system. It has four chambers".
The heart, which pumps blood throughout the body, is an essential part of the circulatory system. It is commonly referred to as the "central pump" or the "central organ" of the circulatory system due to its crucial role in maintaining blood circulation.
The heart, a muscular organ, is located in the chest cavity and leans slightly to the left. Two top chambers, known as atria, and two bottom chambers, known as ventricles, make up the heart.
The two atria of the heart act as its chambers of reception. Both the left and right atriums of the heart receive blood that is returned to the heart by the body. The heart's two ventricles are its pumping chambers. They contract ferociously to force blood out.Thus, the complete sentence is "The heart is the central organ in the circulatory system. It has four chambers".
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Heidi and gunther live with their biological parents. what type of family would this be called?
This type of family is called a nuclear family.
What is a family?A family is defined as the smallest unit of the society that is made up of individuals whom are related by blood, marriage or adoption.
There are different types of family which include the following:
Nuclear Families: This is made up of a father, a mother and their children.Single-Parent Families;Step Families.Grandparent Families:Childless Families:Extended Families:The importance of family include the following:
Family is the primary source of learning for children.Family provides the individual with moral support when necessary.A family gives us stability.A family makes us responsible for our duty.Family gives us some level of security in the society.Learn more about extended family here:
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which part of eubacteria is responsible for helping the cell to move
There are some structures that can be responsible for moviment on bacterias, the most common are flagella, cilium and also pili.
What is an Eubacteria?Eubacteria are part of one of the groups of Kingdom Monera (the other group is Archaea). These bacteria are prokaryotic organisms and represent the largest number of species within the Monera Kingdom. All bacteria (excluding archaebacteria) and cyanobacteria are part of the Eubacteria Group.
They are unicellular organisms that do not have a defined nucleus or membranous organelles. They can be classified according to their shape, with the most common shapes being spherical, rod and spiral.
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__________ is the name of the specialized enzyme that unzips the bonds between bases.
Helicase is the name of the specialized enzyme that unzips the bonds between bases.
By severing the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the DNA molecule's two strands, an enzyme known as Helicase aids in unzipping the molecule. It binds to and dissolves the hydrogen bonds connecting the bases on the DNA strands. These hydrogen bonds continue to be broken as the helicase travels along the DNA molecule, separating the two polynucleotide chains.
Primase, a different enzyme, momentarily binds to each strand when the helicase separates them in order to build a foundation upon which replication can start.
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Digestion refers to the A. progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B. mechanical breakdown of food. C. release of water, acids, enzymes and buffers by organs. D. mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
Answer:
d is the correct answer
Explanation:
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Option \ D}[/tex]
Explanation:
Digestion is:mechanical breakdown. (movement of muscles for catabolism)chemical breakdown. (Use of enzymes so that the food can be made smaller)So, Digestion is both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
You are microscopic and stranded inside the right atrium during passive ventricular filling. How many potential escape routes do you have (assume you can swim with and against the current):
4 potential escape routes you have inside the right atrium during passive ventricular filling.
What Is the Pathway of Blood Through the Heart?There are four chambers in the human heart.
Mammals and birds have double circulation.
The pathway of blood through the heart is as follows:
The deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right atrium from the vena cava and enters the right ventricle through a tricuspid valve. It enters the pulmonary artery through the semilunar valve and goes to pulmonary circulation.The oxygenated blood from the lungs is received in the left atrium from the pulmonary veins and enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. It enters the aorta through a semilunar valve and goes to the systemic circulation.To learn more about the blood circulation,
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Collecting ducts within the kidney tubules cut in cross section would reveal what type of epithelium?
Simple cuboid epithelium found in glandular kidney tubules. This is observed in the lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of glans. Nucleus of tall column like cells trend to be elongated and found in the basal end of the cells.
It is composed of single layer that is relatively ,larger surface area, which is allow them to absorption and secretion of substances like water and salt from the kidney and hormones which are produced by the glands.
Simple epithelium tissues are specialized for diffusion and absorption. This is also found in lining the cavities of body such as pericardial , peritoneal and pleurae.
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Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized?
Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized entry into laboratories, removal or misuse of microbiological agents or hazardous agents
What is Biosecurity?Biosecurity refers to the protection and accountability of highly sensitive and mostly lethal biological agents and toxins in order to prevent them from exposure to the general public.
Biological toxins must be properly labelled and sealed so as to avoid inadvertent exposure. These toxins pose immense and immediate health risks to individuals exposed to them.
Action and planning is therefore required to ensure these biological agents are properly secured and to prevent unauthorized access, removal or exposure to biological hazardous agents.
Maximum security laboratories are often used to test and experiment with these biohazards.
In conclusion, biosecurity ensures that individuals without authorized access do not come in contact wuty biohazards.
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one way that the investigator could increase the validity of the investigation
Answer:
for different purpose like accuracy, validate
Which of the below features was not used to identify the early Homo distinction from Australopithecines
The correct answer is reduction in tooth size.
The anatomy of the foot and pelvis are the feature of Australopithecus afarensis that is used to definitively classify this species as a hominin.
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines are an adaptive radiation of early hominins, all of which were to some extent bipedal, had brains that were only slightly larger than those of apes, and had adaptations to a diet that included at least occasionally hard-to-chew items. They have been identified through research on perhaps ten species that lived in central, eastern, and southern Africa between 4.2 million and 1.0 million years ago. Understanding australopithecines is essential to comprehending not only the diversity of early hominins but also the origins of Homo. Our genus Homo probably originated from this radiation, albeit we are unsure from which species.
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Assume the oligopeptide with the amino acid sequence: alphahelicks, forms one continuous α-helix. the carbonyl oxygen of the glutamic acid residue is hydrogen bonded to the amide nitrogen of?
Alpha helix is packed and-this twisting formation is that the amino acide chain-will form a rod . The amino acid methionine , alanine, leucine , glutamate and lysine are form alpha helix.
The alpha helices may range in length from 4 to 40 amino acids but typical alpha helix is about 10 amino acids long. Hydrogen bond between the hydrogen in an amino group and the oxygen in carboxylic group on the amino acid causes this structure.
Alpha helix is characterized by a tight right handed twist in the amino acid chain which causes rod shape.Hydrogen bonds to the backbone of amino acid .It is made of two alpha helices of sequence of amino acids.
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_____________ is the idea that an organ or device that evolved for one purpose was available to be used for another purpose.
Explanation:
the evolution is the idea that an organ or device that evolved for one purpose was available to be used for Another purpose
Explain why the simplest drawing to model the principle of independent assortment requires four chromosomes, but the simplest drawing to model the principle of segregation requires only two chromosomes
Independent assortment involves the independent segregation of the alleles of two separate genes on separate chromosomes.
What is the Principle of independent assortment How is it related to the Principle of segregation?
Understanding the law of segregation is necessary before defining independent assortment. According to the law of segregation, individual gamete cells receive two distinct, independently sorted genes during meiosis. On the other side, the random separation of the maternal and paternal DNA allows for a greater variety of genes.
Independent assortment refers to the independent segregation of two different genes' alleles on two different chromosomes. As a result, to create the simplest model of independent assortment, at least 4 chromosomes must be represented as two homologous pairs. On the other hand, only the two chromosomes of one homologous pair need to be drawn because segregation takes into account the separation of the two copies of a single gene carried on a single type of chromosome.
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