The frequency of the recessive allele (gg) in a population where 25% individuals exhibit albinism is 0.5.
According to Hardy weinberg principle, the frequencies of the genotypes can be determined by an equation: [tex](p+q)^{2}[/tex] = [tex]p^{2}[/tex] + 2pq + [tex]q^{2}[/tex], where [tex]p^{2}[/tex] represents the frequency of homozygous dominant allele and [tex]q^{2}[/tex] represents frequency of homozygous recessive alleles. As albinism is caused by recessive alleles ([tex]q^{2}[/tex]), the frequency would be half of the total frquency, that is 0.5 of 1, because p + q = 1.
Making one of the many proteins involved in the manufacture of melanin is controlled by a number of genes. Melanocytes, which are cells present in your skin, hair, and eyes, are responsible for producing melanin. A change in one of these genes leads to albinism. Albinism is indeed inherited or passed down through families. When a person inherits an albinism gene from their parents, they are born with the condition.
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from all three sites surveyed what was the total number of tuskless elephants killed
In the early 2000s, more than 2,500 elephants which is reduced to 200 tuskless elephants.
What is the percentage of Tuskless elephants?Whereas the usual level of tusklessness in elephant residents is somewhere between 3 percent and 4 percent, on the report of a Ugandan report, a 1989 survey of Queen Elizabeth National Park discloses tusklessness in the elephant population to be between 9 percent and 25 percent. This find proposes the mutation for tusklessness may kill male elephants, per the New York Times. The team deliberated that 18.5 percent of female elephants did not have tusks before the war began. After the war, 33 percent of 91 female elephants born were naturally tuskless, per Nature.
So we can conclude that In well-protected elephant natives, tusklessness can be as low as 2 percent. Today, half of Gorongosa's females are tuskless.
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Marine science The exosphere is about halfway to the moon, true or false
accessing the insertion of serratus anterior by curling your fingers around the medial border of the scapula, your fingers will inherently have to work through the bellies of
Accessing the insertion of the serratus anterior by finger curling around the medial border of the scapula, your fingers will inherently have to work through the bellies of the trapezius and rhomboids
The middle trapezius and the rhomboids are the two main scapular retractor muscles, but the activities of these two muscles differ in some ways. The rhomboids operate to both retract and rotate the scapula in order to depress the glenoid fossa, in contrast to the middle fibers of the trapezius, which only serve as pure scapular retractor muscles.
The serratus anterior and the upper, middle, and lower trapezius muscles cause the scapula to rotate upward. These muscles play a significant role in the typical scapular motions that occur during arm-raising. Therefore, research has examined how to train these muscles. In order to maintain the scapula's upward rotation, which permits overhead lifting, the serratus anterior collaborates with the upper and lower fibers of the trapezius muscle.
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1. during transduction involving a p1 phage, a. any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred to another bacterium by a new phage. b. only a specific fragment of dna may be transferred to another bacterium by a new phage. c. any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred during conjugation. d. only a specific fragment of dna may be transferred during conjugation.
During transduction that is involving a P1 phage : a.) any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred to another bacterium by bacteriophage.
What is transduction ?Process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to the another is called transduction and viruses called bacteriophages infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.
Phage P1 mediate generalized transduction between E. coli strains and the other Gram-negative bacteria.
P1 genes that are expressed in the lytic pathway are those that are involved in the timing of phage development, in replication, in formation of phage particles, including headful packaging and then finally in cell lysis to release the phage progeny.
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Despite government protection, human activities are impacting Okefenokee. In addition to acid rain, precipitation deposits mercury, emitted by coal-burning power plants and waste incinerators, to the swamp. How might this effect animal life in the swamp?
A) mercury levels cause death to all species in the swamp ecosystem
B) mercury in the swamp water is passed back to humans in their drinking water
C) biomagnification of mercury results in toxic levels of mercury high in the food chains
D) air pollution from local-burning planta results in an increase in acid rain which causes death to aquatic species
biomagnification of mercury results in toxic levels of mercury high in the food chains this effect animal life in the swamp.
Biomagnification chemical can accumulate in an organism from exposure to both food and water, leading to a concentration that is higher than what would have happened with just water exposure and, consequently, higher than what equilibrium would predict. This process is known as biomagnification. When contaminated phytoplankton is consumed by slightly larger creatures known as zooplankton, the POPs that are absorbed into their tissues at a higher concentration are biomagnified. A zooplankton will consume more polluted phytoplankton and accumulate more pollutants as a result. Synthetic toxicants produced through artificial means are not considered toxin because a toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms.
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portion of an rna molecule that dose not contain information for making a protein and is removed prior to the rna molecule leaving the nucleus
Explanation:
exons.
exons are the uncoding part of RNA which is removed to form mature RNA.
Climate change affects the ocean by (1 point)
Climate change affects the ocean has absorbed the heat released by fuel and growing emissions.
How ocean affected by climate change?Currently, the ocean has absorbed around 90% of the heat caused by growing emissions. As the surplus heat and energy warm the water.
The temperature shift causes unprecedented cascade consequences like ice melting, sea-level rise, marine, and ocean acidification.
As greenhouse gases capture more solar energy, the seas absorb more heat, resulting in higher sea surface temperatures and increasing sea levels.
Therefore absorbing heat from the ocean from emission climate change affects it.
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Marine science
Crest is to high, as trough is to
a. low
b. fast
c. time
d. shallow
The option (A) is correct. Crest is to high, as trough is to low.
What do you mean by crest and trough?The highest surface part of a wave is called the crest, and the lowest part is the trough. The vertical distance between the crest and the trough is the wave height.
Moreover, a crest is a point on the wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. A point on the wave is a trough if the displacement of the medium at that point is at a minimum.
Therefore, while a transverse wave has an alternating pattern of crests and troughs, a longitudinal wave has an alternating pattern of compressions and rarefactions. As discussed above, the wavelength of a wave is the length of one complete cycle of a wave.
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Originally, the term "psychology" was defined as which one of the following definitions?
A. the study of the mind or soul
B. the study of the human brain
C. the study of animal behavior
D. the study of genetics and heritability
describe the brain mechanisms associated with circadian rhythms, and discuss how they may become desynchronized.
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles of changes in the body, brain, and behavior. These natural processes, which primarily respond to light and darkness, have an effect on the majority of living things, including animals, plants, and bacteria.
A biological clock, or general coordinator, which regulates circadian rhythms is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small group of cells in the hypothalamus. The SCN can react to variations in light and darkness because of neural pathways that relay information from specialised receptors in the rear of the eye. The brain and body then adjust to these changes as a result of the messages the SCN then sends out. Hormone and neurotransmitter fluctuations are controlled by the SCN, which in turn receives feedback that influences how the SCN functions. Melatonin, one hormone, aids in maintaining the biological clock's alignment with the light-dark cycle. When travelling by plane across numerous time zones, people frequently experience internal desynchronization. It is a condition in which biological rhythms are not synchronised. While temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal, sleep and wake patterns typically change rapidly.
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The structure of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, differ in that
a
DNA contains a nucleotide with thymine, while RNA contains a nucleotide with uracil.
b
DNA's nucleotide sequence is single stranded, while RNA's nucleotide sequence is double stranded.
c
RNA's backbone is made up of phosphates, while DNA's backbone is made up of nitrates.
d
RNA contains only three different nucleotides, while DNA contains four different nucleotides.
Answer:
The answers are A and B and that's how DNA and RNA differ
Why would heavy grazing by elk along streams lead to food webs breaking down? Include specific examples.
Phytoplankton has been eaten by zooplankton, followed by consumed by fish or grasses, which are later eaten mostly by rabbits, who are then eaten by foxes. A deer consumes the little plants or grass, while a lion later consumes the deer.
These organisms, which are typically bacteria as well as fungi, eat organic material before recycling it back into the biotic portion of the ecosystem. The majority of grazing food chains have such a detrital food web addition to them since all ecosystems need a way to recycle resources from deceased species.
Energy and nutrients start moving through the food web in a grazing ecosystem from plants to the herbivores that eat them as well as then to the meat eaters or omnivores that eat the herbivores.
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Researchers performing __________ insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it.
Researchers performing EBS insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it.
Electrical brain stimulation (EBS), also known as focal brain stimulation (FBS), is a type of electrotherapy used as a technique in clinical and neurobiological research, in which the brain is stimulated by direct or indirect electrical excitation of cell membranes. or neural networks within it. It is currently used for research or therapeutic purposes.
Electrical brain stimulation (ESB) is a relatively new technique used to treat the chronic pain and tremors associated with Parkinson's disease. ESB is administered by passing an electric current through electrodes implanted in the brain.
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What is the main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A. A psychiatrist can write prescriptions, but a psychologist cannot.
B. A psychiatrist does not complete a medical degree, but a psychologist does.
C. A psychiatrist works with children and adolescents as clients, and a psychologist works with adults and the elderly as clients.
D. A psychiatrist can only work at a college teaching, and a psychologist can only work at a hospital providing therapy.
The main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist can write prescriptions for the patients, but a psychologist cannot. So, the correct answer will be option (a).
The major and most reasonable difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is their educational background. A psychiatrist is certified as a medical doctor while a psychologist does not hold the title of a doctor. Although they study and research on the same topic of mental health, they just have different approaches to the topic. A psychiatrist has the freedom of prescribing medications for the patients but a psychologist prefers to focus on the patient's recovery through therapy.
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all plant life cycles consist of an alternation of generations. what is the haploid stage of a plant life cycle called?
The multicellular haploid gametophyte (from the Greek phyton, "plant") produces gametes. A multicellular diploid sporophyte is created through fertilization, and through meiosis, it creates haploid spores. A haplodiplontic life cycle is the name given to this sort of life cycle.
As a result of the alternation of generations, plants alternate between two distinct life stages, or generations, throughout their life cycle: the haploid gametophyte stage and the diploid sporophyte stage. The terms haploid and diploid describe how many chromosomes each cell has.
The haploid (n) stage of the alternation of generations life cycle is known as the gametophyte stage. Because it will produce gametes, or sex cells, the gametophyte stage can also be viewed as the sexual stage. There is only one set on this stage of chromosome.
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Marine Science
Why isn’t the atmosphere a closed system?
a. closed systems only exist in theory
b. closed systems are only for liquids, not gases.
c. The laws of physics do not apply to the atmosphere.
d. Gases from Earth escape from the higher realms of the atmosphere.
The answer to Why isn’t the atmosphere a closed system?
D. Gases from Earth escape from higher realms of the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Hope this helped^^
the large influx of mononuclear cells into the lungs plays a role in the formation of infection sites called
The development of structured structures known as tubercles is tuberculosis.
Which four forms of infections are there?Infections frequently occur. We've probably all experienced at atleast one at some point, from COVID-19 to ear infections and also the flu. Sepsis can be brought on by bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic illnesses.
What brings about an infection?Whenever bacteria taken into the body, multiply, & trigger a response in the body, an illness results. An infect needs to happen in three different ways: Source: Ecologies of infectious (germ) pathogens A individual who's really susceptible but who has a point of entry for germs.
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Study the illustration.
Which statement best describes the genetic material that is being separated in the illustration?
Answer:
Homologous chromatids
Homologous pair: two chromosmes, each inherited from a different parent, and identical in appearance and length.
Chromatids: two halves of a chromosome that have been replicated during cell division.
how many tubes of nutrient broth will be inoculated with clostridium sporogenes for the commensalism experiment?
For the commensalism experiment, two tubes of nutritive broth will be injected with Clostridium sporogenes.
Commensalism is a long-term biological relationship (symbiosis) in which individuals of one species profit, while those of the other species suffer neither advantages nor disadvantages. This contrasts with parasitism, where one is harmed and the other benefits, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, mutualism, where both organisms gain from each other, and parasitoidism, which is similar to parasitism except that the parasitoid has a free-living state and eventually kills its host.
The commensal species, which gains from the connection, may ingest nutrients from the host species, which is largely unaffected, or get refuge from it, sustain it, or use it for mobility. A bigger host and a smaller commensal are frequently in a commensal relationship; the host organism is unaltered, whilst the commensal species may exhibit significant structural adaptations commensurate with its habits, as in the case of remoras that travel attached to sharks and other fishes. Pilot fish eat the leftovers from their hosts' meals, whilst remoras consume their hosts' feces. Many birds perch atop the bodies of large herbivorous mammals or feed on the insects that grazing mammals kick up.
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Describe the law of dominance inshort with a chart
The law of dominance, given by Mendel states that the cross between pure bred parents with contrasting traits gives offspring in F1 generation having only one trait which has dominant phenotype.
Traits are the certain characteristics of an individual. Traits are factors influenced by genes or environmental factors or both. A trait is something that can be visibly seen by an individual. They can be qualitative like eye color or quantitative like height.
Dominance is the phenomenon where one allele masks up the effect of another allele. In genetics, dominance of any character is generally represented by capital letters. Dominant allele can show its effect in heterozygous condition as well.
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science applied - how can human action cause some species to become overabundant, and why can this be harmful?
Biodiversity is decreased by increasing sustainable habitat and reducing predators.
The majority of animal overpopulations are caused by human activities such as vegetation modification, the introduction of new species, and habitat destruction and fragmentation.
What about biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety of all the diverse species of creatures that dwell on our planet, including the plants, animals, insects, and microbes. Each of these things exists in a delicate balance and coexists with the others in ecosystems that nourish and sustain life on earth.Biodiversity contributes to the availability of food and nutrition, energy, the development of medicines, and the demand for freshwater, all of which together support human health.Additionally, it promotes employment possibilities and leisure pursuits that enhance general well-being. Land use change (mainly for large-scale food production), which is responsible for 30% of the global biodiversity reduction, is the primary direct driver of biodiversity loss. The second major factor, accounting for 20%, is overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting, and overharvesting) for goods including food, medicine, and timber. The variety of all living creatures on our world, known as biodiversity, has been alarmingly dropping in recent years, mostly as a result of human activities including pollution, land use changes, and climate change. The environment is the area where biodiversity has the greatest influence. Ecosystems that are flourishing support the Earth's natural processes. Without the species that sustain them, operations like soil aeration, water purification, pest management, and other functions would not be feasible. These processes can be severely damaged.Learn more about biodiversity here:
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what happens to the number of atp in aerobic glucose catabolism if pyruvate could not become oxidated?
The number of ATP in aerobic glucose catabolism if pyruvate could not become oxidated is converted produce heat.
Approximately 40% of the glucose's available energy is converted into ATP via aerobic respiration. Your comparatively high body temperature is produced by the remaining 60% of your body, which is wasted as heat. Although 40% efficiency may appear low, the top car engines are several times more efficient.
The vast majority of life on Earth uses aerobic cell respiration because it is superior to anaerobic respiration. However, using oxygen includes some expenses. Cellular processes can change oxygen into toxic forms that harm biological molecules. Because of this, you would perish within a few days if forced to breathe 100% oxygen instead of the 21% of our current atmosphere.
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Cells work together to provide a specific function in , which interact to form an organ.
Cells work together to provide a specific function in multicellular organisms, which interact to form an organ is called tissue.
How do cells work?Cells group together to carry out a particular function and a group of cells that work together form a tissue.
Organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform functions and circulatory system and digestive system are examples of organ systems.
In multicellular organism, cells form tissues, tissues form organs and then organs form organ systems. The cells differentiate tocarry outspecific functions. Specialization is determined by the location of the cell within the developing embryo. Stem cells are special type of cell that continue to divide and renew themselves for longer periods of time.
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the period is the length of time pathogens need to grow and multiply in food or the digestive tract before they can cause illness.
The incubation period is the length of time pathogens need to grow and multiply in food or the digestive tract before they can cause illness.
The time it takes for an illness to manifest after a person has been exposed to a disease-causing organism is known as the incubation period (such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi). When the disease's initial signs or symptoms manifest, the incubation period is over. Knowing an infectious disease's incubation period—the amount of time between exposure to the pathogen and the onset of symptoms—can be helpful in predicting an outbreak's timing, especially when infected people would be symptomatic and most likely to spread the disease.
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enzymes that function in breaking down dna do so by catalyzing the hydrolysis of covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. what would happen to dna molecules when treated with these enzymes? responses all bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugar all bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugar the two strands of the double helix will separate the two strands of the double helix will separate the sugar phosphate backbone of dna strands would be broken the sugar phosphate backbone of dna strands would be broken the pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugar the pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugar
The backbone of the polynucleotide would lose its phosphodiester connections. Two ester bonds created in a phosphodiester connection when the hydroxyl groups of one molecule's hydroxyls bind molecule.
What functions do DNA polynucleotides serve?The covalent bonding between several nucleotide monomers form a polynucleotide. At least 14 nucleotide monomer chains, or polynucleotides, make up a single polynucleotide molecule. R- and D-ribonucleic acids are two examples of polynucleotides.
Where can one find polynucleotides?Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the nitrogenous bases contained in DNA. Two polynucleotide chains, which are joined together in a ladder-like shape, make up DNA molecules. The two chains' sugar phosphate backbones run parallel to one another but in the opposite directions.
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you have an rna molecule that contains introns. you wish to carry out an in vitro splicing reaction with this rna and cellular extracts. you want to determine if splicing is occuring via self-splicing or through the spliceosome. what enzyme could you add to the reaction to make this determination?
The enzyme could you add to the reaction to make this determination is Protease.
Splicing via the spliceosome requires a protein whereas self-splicing does not, so adding a protease to the reaction that degrades the protein ensures that the RNA is either spliced via self-splicing or spliced via the spliceosome. You can see if it has been spliced. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA is that prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic whereas eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic.
In addition, multiple structural genes of an operon are transcribed into a single mRNA whereas eukaryotic mRNA contains a single gene that is transcribed into one mRNA molecule. A type of RNA called transfer RNA assembles amino acids of proteins amino acid by amino acid. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a stop codon a three-nucleotide sequence that does not code for an amino acid.
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test your knowledge of kidney and urinary system anatomy by selecting the terms to complete each sentence.
Renin production from JG cells is increased by low blood pressure in the kidneys. Angiotensin II activation promotes extensive vasoconstriction, posterior pituitary production of ADH, and
What time of day does blood pressure peak?Blood pressure has a daily pattern. Usually, a few hours before awakening, a person's blood pressure starts to rise. It continues to rise throughout the day, peaking about midday. Blood pressure often drops in the middle of the day and in the early evening.
What causes high blood pressure primarily?High blood pressure typically develops gradually. Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as failing to get enough regular exercise, can be a factor. One's chance of developing high blood pressure may be increased by obesity or certain medical conditions like diabetes.
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The ______ functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to the central nervous system.
The visceral functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to the central nervous system.
The afferent or sensory department transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor department transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to purpose an impact or action.
The 2d principal department of the frightened system, the peripheral frightened system, consists of messages to and from the imperative frightened system. It includes all the nerve cells that aren't withinside the mind or spinal column. It is constituted of parts: the somatic and the autonomic frightened systems.
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an aabbccddeeff individual is crossed with an individual with the genotype aabbccddeeff. what is the probability that their offspring will have the genotype aabbccddeeff?
The probability that the offspring will have the genotype aabbccddeeff is 1.
To obtain probability of these individuals we have perform punnet or probability for each individual gene
1) aaxaa the probability of getting the gene aa is 1
2) bb x bb the probability of getting the gene bb is 1
3)cc x cc the probability of getting the gene cc is 1
4) dd x dd the probability of getting the gene dd is 1
5)ee x ee the probability of getting the gene ee is 1
6) ff x ff the probability of getting the gene ff is 1.
Now, mutiply probability of all genes in order to get the probability of the offspring
1x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 1.
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you are conducting various cranial nerve tests in the lab. you ask your lab partner to clench her jaw. this test is examining the function of what cranial nerve?
Answer:
cranial nerve IX
Explanation: