describe the mechanisms that ensure parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences
The mechanism that ensures parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences is the replication process. It occurs before cell division and provides each daughter cell with the same chromosomic set as the parental cell.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is a process through which DNA molecules are duplicated. It occurs during the S phase of the interphase, before cell division.
In the interphase the cell duplicates its content, so every daughter cell gets the same material. Hence, DNA must be replicated, so daughter cells have a complete chromosomic set.
DNI replication is semi-conservative because each new molecule carries an original DNI strand and a new one. The old existing strands are used to synthesize the new complementary strand.
To separate the original strands, helicase enzymes must act in the replication origin to break hydrogen bonds and separate the strands.
While the strands unroll, the topoisomerase enzyme releases tension.
Other proteins are also needed to join the strains and keep them separated.
Once the molecule is opened, there is a region named replication forks. DNA polymerase pairs new nucleotides with the corresponding nucleotide of the original strand.
DNA strands are antiparallel, and replication occurs only in 5'-3' direction. One of the strands is continuously replicated, while the other strain grows in short Okazaki fragments.
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explain how two similar species of birds are able to inhabit the same area and even nest in the same tree without occupying the same niche.
Two similar species employ mostly non-overlapping resources as a result of this type of evolution, and as a result, they occupy different niches. Resource partitioning is the term for this.
What does the word obstruct mean?blocked; prevented; prevents. transitive verb: to forbid doing anything; to maintain control: repress. : to prevent from free or unrestrained activity, especially by use of internal psychological forces or external social pressures.
What makes a person inhibited?Behavior, appearance, social relations, or a discussion topic are all examples of social inhibition. Social assessment worries, social anxiety, social avoidance, & withdrawal are related processes that address social inhibition.
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in the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. yet, a hypothetical species of fly with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth?
A hypothetical species of fly with unlimited food and no mortality would show biological exponential growth and will have a J-shaped graph.
The uncontrolled expansion of a population of organisms that occurs when resources in its habitat are limitless is referred to as biological exponential growth. For a population to continue to grow unhindered, resources must be readily available. As Charles Darwin discovered in formulating his theory of natural selection, each species should be able to completely realize its innate capacity to increase in number when resources in the environment are limitless.
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During _____of the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
During interphase the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Cell organelles are the sub-cellular components that work in order to keep the cell functional and alive. These reside in the cytoplasm of the cell. The various cell organelles are nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
Chromosomes are the most compact form of genetic material. It is comprised of the DNA and histone proteins. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined together at the centromere. This is the form of DNA which is inherited from parents to offspring during the cell division.
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Why is an acid with a pH of 4 ten times stronger than an acid with a ph if 5
if heterozygous round crossed with homozygous round produce 2400 plant how many plant are pure round
If a heterozygous round plant is crossed with a homozygous round plant then from the 2400 plants produced, 1200 will be pure round plants. Pure round plants are homozygous for the trait.
What are genes?Genes are the units of hereditary information. Genes carry the genetic information about the various characteristics in an organism in the form of sequences of amino acids and nucleotides.
Mendel described in his laws that genes present on DNA carry the genetic information which is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Each gene has a pair of alleles which are responsible for contrasting character such as in case of plant height, two alleles are present from which one is dominant which is tall and the other one if short or dwarf which is recessive.
The number of plants which are pure red = 1/2 of the total plants produced or 50% of the total F1 progeny.
Thus, number of pure round plants = 1/2 × 2400
Number of pure round plants = 1200
Therefore, there will be 1200 pure round plants produced by the cross between heterozygous round plant and homozygous round plant.
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olfactory neurons have the capacity to regenerate in adulthood, while brain neurons do not. why is it thought olfactory neurons adapted this function?
Compared to all other cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve is unique due to its inherent ability to regenerate.
What is olfactory nerve?Olfactory sensory neurons is located in the nasal epithelium that detects and transmits odorant information to the central nervous system. This requires that these neurons form a specific neuronal connections within the olfactory bulb and express receptors and signaling molecules particularly for these functions.
After peripheral sensory neurons detects an odorant ,the signal is relayed to the OB in the brain. This portion of the olfactory system that is the OB is also a subject to modification by lifelong neurogenesis.
Olfactory nerve is the first cranial nerve and this nerve enables your olfactory system and also sense of smell.
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which is false? the ampa receptor ... which is false? the ampa receptor ... handles most fast excitatory responses to glutamate. is permeable to ca . is ionotropic is permeable to na and k .
False statement about AMPA receptor is they handles most fast excitatory responses to glutamate .
AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. AMPA receptors stands for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid .AMPA, is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it copy the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
AMPA glutamate antagonist anticonvulsants are used to treat abnormal electrical activity in only one area of the brain .They are used to treat acute seizure that is abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain involving loss of consciousness and excessive muscle contractions.
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what is the evolutionary significance of the relationship between the genes on human chromosome 16 and those same blocks of genes on mouse chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and 17?
Evolutionary significance of the relationship between genes on human chromosome 16 and those same blocks of genes on mouse chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and 17 is: chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes.
What is the evolutionary significance between the genes on human and mouse chromosome ?
Chromosome 16 contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins that perform different roles in the body.
Human chromosome 17 is implicated in a wide range of human genetic diseases. It is that genes which is involved in early-onset breast cancer , neurofibromatosis and the DNA damage response
Humans have total of 23 pairs of chromosomes whereas rats have 21 chromosomes.
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Which two criteria are least important for engineers to consider when
developing a process to produce ammonia?
A. The process should be able to be performed safely.
B. The reactants should come from natural sources.
C. The process should use familiar technologies.
D. The environment around the chemical plant should be protected.
In order to create ammonia, the procedure must be done safely, and the area all around chemical plant must be safeguarded.
The correct answer is D,A
Is Ammonia's natural habitat?In soil, air, and water, ammonia can be found naturally throughout the environment. The nitrogen cycle, which already takes place as fertilizer for plants, also renews ammonia naturally. Ammonia does not bioaccumulate and does not survive long in the environment because of this natural mechanism.
Describe ammonia?A gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen, ammonia (NH3), is colorless. Strong urine or sweat-like aroma can be detected in it. In addition to naturally existing in the air, water, and soil, ammonia can also be found in plants, animals, and the human body.
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Answer:
The answer is B and C
Explanation:
New technology has both positive and negative effects. Most kinds of technology can be deadly if not used correctly. Short-term consequences are not as important as long-term consequences.
a sprinter has a higher percentage of type ii muscle fibers than a marathon runner. select one: true false
The answer is True. Sprinters have a higher percentage of type ii muscle fibers.
What are type ii muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch muscle fibers produce larger and more potent forces, but only for brief periods of time before quickly becoming exhausted. They are frequently referred to as white fibers or type II since they are more anaerobic and have less blood supply.
Type ii muscle fibers are usually found in muscles of the arms in large numbers.
Running sprints, agility drills, bench presses, deadlifts and heavy squats are a great way to build type ii fibers.
Fast twitch/ type ii fibers are much more powerful than type I fibers. These give major strength but also fatigue easier than type I.
Sprinters, therefore have a higher percentage of type ii fibers than marathon runners.
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fetuses who do not survive anemia in utero are usually stillborn, with gross edema of the entire body, a condition called:
Answer:
Fetuses who do not survive anemia in utero are usually stillborn, with gross edema of the entire body, a condition called:
hydrops fetalis
Explanation:
malignant tumor of lymph nodes: a.sarcoidosis b.lymphedema c.hodgkin disease d.lymphocytopenia e.hypersplenism
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and causes malignant tumors of lymph nodes (lymphoma).
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
It is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In this disease white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
Hodgkin lymphoma most commonly affects lymph nodes in the neck or in the area between the lungs and behind the breastbone.
Let us discuss other options:
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in any part of the body most commonly in the lungs and lymph nodes.Lymphedema is the swelling of the lymph nodes due to blockage in the lymphatic system.Lymphocytopenia is the increase in the count of white blood cells that occurs when the lymphocyte count is lower than usual.Hypersplenism is an overreactive spleen that removes the blood cells too early and too quickly.Hence Hodgkin's disease causes the malignant tumor of lymph nodes.
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Which installation method is most likely to put your computer at risk of downloading a virus?.
Internet installation method is most likely to put your computer at risk of downloading a virus.
Understanding viruses in computers
Viruses are files that interfere with the operational system on PCs and laptops, if the laptop is exposed to a viruses then automatically the laptop's performance will not be maximized, usually this form of virus interference such as the ability to load becomes slower / slower, the loss of files that we save suddenly , the laptop restarts repeatedly, if you are faced with a great virus sometimes the OS will be deleted, this will force us to reinstall the OS on the laptop.
What is called a virus in a computer is an annoying file, so every file that can interfere with the performance of the OS is a virus, this annoying file can be in the form of ordinary files that we intentionally store but are damaged, Worms, Trojan Horses, Spyware, and malicious malware that is installed either intentionally or not. Actually we don't need to be afraid of being too much with what is called a virus in a PC / laptop, as long as we want to take the anticipatory steps correctly, then the possibility of a virus can interfere with our laptop is very small.
Here's how to prevent and avoid viruses from entering your computer or laptop:
1.Use a compatible and bona fide antivirus, always update the antivirus;
2. If your computer or laptop is often used to browse the internet, then use an antivirus that has Internet Security features;
3.Activate Firewall on Windows that you are using;
4.Always update Security Update on Windows Security;
5. Do not get into the habit of storing data on drive C for too long;
6. Identify all the data that you store on the laptop, and immediately discard/delete if there is data that you do not recognize;
7. Delete registry files that are not needed regularly;
8. If you are going to transfer data from another device/device, try not to open it when it is still connected, so send/copy it directly and then disconnect the device/device;
9.Use cleaning tools like Ccleaner, TuneUp Utility, etc.
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Third-party installation method. This method is usually done when we want to add an application that is on our computer, and if we use an unverified third party, the computer's risk of getting a virus increases.
Explanation:When using a computer, sometimes we want to add software or applications that are on our computers according to the needs at that time. However, some applications are required to make a payment beforehand or there are applications that cannot be obtained officially.Therefore, as an alternative, some people like to get these applications through third parties, even though there are already verified parties, but some are still not verified.For those who has not been officially verified, we usually call it a cracker application.When downloading through unverified parties, we usually do not understand what we are downloading in the process and tend to follow each stage. However, without realizing it, sometimes what we download unconsciously is a virus or contains a virus that will harm our computer and data.Learn more
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During each energy conversion that happens in a living organism, some of the energy dissipates as.
During each energy conversion that happens in a living organism, some of the energy dissipates as heat.
In almost all of the reaction that takes place in an organism, some of the energy is released as heat. An exothermic process will always release heat.
Almost all of the reactions that occur in our body lose energy in the form of heat.
The level of dissipation of heat depends on various factors such as the temperature, the reaction that is occurring, etc. If a reaction is a high-intensity one, more energy will be lost as heat.
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which of the following is true of a nonsense suppressor mutation? group of answer choices it reverts the mutant genotype to the wild type dna sequence it prevents binding of a translation termination/release factor it is always located in the anticodon loop of a trna it results in a protein with the wild type amino acid sequence it can restore the wild type phenotype of a gene with a single nucleotide deletion mutation
A second mutation that affects the translational machinery can produce a nonsense suppressor. With this mutation, the cell can respond to the nonsense codon by insertion of an amino acid, leading to a wild-type or nearly wild-type phenotype.
What takes place in nonsense mutations?DNA undergoes nonsense mutations when a sequence change results in a stop codon rather than a codon that specifies an amino acid. The new stop codon leads to the creation of a truncated protein that is probably not functional.
What impact does a suppressor mutation have?In a procedure known as synthetic rescue, a suppressor mutation is a second mutation that lessens or reverses the phenotypic effects of an already existing mutant. Therefore, genetic suppression brings back the phenotype that existed before the original background mutation.
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) a tiger is known to chase its target at a speed of 50mph . a tiger found its prey amongst a herd of wild cattle. the tiger was a quarter of a mile behind the cow that it wanted to catch which was running in 25 mph. how long will it take the tiger to catch its prey?
Considering their distance apart, the time it will take the tiger to catch its prey is 36 seconds.
What time will it take the tiger to catch its prey?The time will it take the tiger to catch its prey can be determined below as follows:
The two times are equal, hence, let the time it will take the tiger t.
the distance traveled by the cow = d
distance traveled by the tiger = d + 0.25 miles
Time = distance / speedTime taken by the cow = d / 25
Time taken by the tiger = d + 0.25 / 50
equating the two times:
d / 25 = d + 0.25 / 50
25d + 6.25 = 50d
25d = 6.25
d = 0.25 miles
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.25 + 0.25
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.5 miles
Time taken by the tiger = 0.5/50
Time taken by the tiger = 0.01 hours or 36 seconds
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PLS HELP ITS FOR MY EATH SCIENCE CLASS?!?!
Our closest exoplanet and Earth-sized planet is Proxima Centauri b.
Proxima Centauri b is in the habitable zone, but why is it not a suitable
Earth 2.0?
A enormous amounts of radiation from mega flares hit the planet
roughly once every year
B it lacks an atmosphere, therefore most likely lacks water
C extreme temperature changes on the surface
D all of the above
Answer:
A
Explanation:
https://phys.org/news/2018-04-proxima-centauri-flare-powerful-visible.html
B cannot be correct because there is in fact, water on Proxima Centauri B.
It most likely isn't C, I researched for any truth in answer C but I couldn't find any.
Hope this helps! I'm really sorry if I'm wrong because I tried very hard to look for a solid answer :[
proton-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretions of gastric acids. which cells are affected by these drugs? proton-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretions of gastric acids. which cells are affected by these drugs? diffuse neuroendocrine system (dnes) cells mucous neck cells chief cells parietal cells
Drugs called parietal cells prevent the stomach juices from being secreted.
Proton pump inhibitors transport what kinds of chemicals into the stomach?Acid activates proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are prodrugs. Gastric H+, K+-ATPase and activated PPI are bonded covalently by a disulfide bond. PPIs bind to Cys813, which is the main location that inhibits the acid pump enzyme.
How do proton pump inhibitors impact stomach acid?Gastric H,K-ATPase is blocked by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduces the production of gastric acid. As part of combination regimens, this effect allows for the healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori eradication.
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when a vector that employs the lac z gene as a second marker is used in a cloning experiment, bacteria that harbor the recombinant dna will give rise to a. red colonies. b. blue colonies. c. all of the choices are correct. d. white colonies. 0.2 points
Bacteria that harbor the recombinant DNA will give rise to white colonies. Thus, option D is correct.
Bacteria develop on strong media as colonies. A colony is characterized as an obvious mass of microorganisms all beginning from a single mother cell, in this manner a colony constitutes a clone of microbes all hereditarily alike.
In the recognizable proof of microbes and organisms, much weight is put on how the life form develops in or on media. This workout will assist you to distinguish the social characteristics of a bacterium on an agar plate - called colony morphology.
Plasmids that are commonly utilized in quality cloning are around 3000 nucleotide sets in length, have an ampicillin resistance quality, and have a quality that encodes the protein beta-galactosidase.
The quality encoding this chemical is called the LacZ or blue color quality. The beta-galactosidase chemical will utilize galactose sugar as a substrate.
In case an uncommon form of this sugar called X-gal is put within the media, a flawless thing happens interior the microbes that have the blue color quality.
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Question 1 (1.5 points)
Why did environmental policies became essential as the US population began to
grow more quickly?
Environmental policies became essential as the US population began to
grow more quickly because as more individuals acted out of self respect rather than communal goods, resources began to be depleted and is denoted as option D.
What is a Policy?
This is referred to as a general guideline that is used as a basis for making decisions. There are different types of policies and in a country are usually passed by the government after meeting the requirements stated in the constitution.
Population and availability of resources have a direct relationship. As population began to increase, the need for resources began to increase also which is why there was the need for the provision of environmental policies so to make sure that there is no scarcity and makes it the correct choice.
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a scientist is searching for chemical compounds involved in embryonic limb development. he discovers a new compound that is transiently expressed in the limbs and only seems to affect cells in its immediate vicinity (up to a few cell lengths away). how should the scientist classify this chemical compound?
The scientist can classify this chemical compound involved in embryonic limb development as a paracrine factor.
Scientists have identified this chemical as a paracrine agent that affects the growth of embryonic limb.
Soluble proteins are paracrine elements or growth and differentiation factors when they may disperse across short ranges and affect the nearby cell, a concept called as paracrine interaction.
This is due to the fact that recently discovered compounds seem to activate them rapidly and only have an impact on neighboring cells in the ends.
What is paracrine signaling?
Cell signaling is a sort of cellular communication where a cell amplifies the signal to cause changes in neighboring cells, changing the function of those cells. Paracrine signaling is one type of cell signaling.
Responses to allergens, tissue regeneration, the development of scar tissue, and blood coagulation are a few examples of paracrine signaling.
Therefore, the scientist can classify this chemical compound involved in embryonic limb development as a paracrine factor.
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which molecules synthesized by plants is a major source of energy for cellular processes in both plants
Glucose is a chemical that both plants and animals can produce and is a primary source of energy for cellular operations.
What is glucose?
Blood sugar, usually referred to as glucose, is the main sugar found in your blood.It comes from the food you eat and is the main energy source in your body.All of the cells in your body utilize glucose, which is transported by blood, to provide energy. Your blood sugar levels are excessively high if you have diabetes.Although there are many different kinds of carbohydrates, the body primarily uses glucose. Fructose and other sugars are converted into glucose and used as an energy source.All plants contain glucose, a sugar that has been solubilized. In addition to being a universal source of carbon, glucose also functions in plants as a signaling molecule, controlling a variety of metabolic activities.From germination to senescence, a variety of plant processes are controlled by glucose.Therefore, Glucose is the molecule that is the major source of energy
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in a cross of a homozygous dominant individual with green peas to a homozygous recessive individual with yellow peas, what are the expected genotype frequencies for the offspring?
Mendel noted in his breeding studies that 100% of the YG progeny will have a yellow phenotype because the Y (yellow) allele is dominant over the G (green) allele in pea plants.
Heterozygous genotype refers to an organism with one dominant allele and one recessive allele. This genotype's designation in our case is Bb. Finally, homozygous recessive refers to an organism's genotype that consists of two recessive alleles. This genotype is represented as bb in the example of the eye colour.
A mating experiment between two organisms that are equally hybrid for two traits is referred to as a dihybrid cross. A heterozygous organism is one that possesses two distinct alleles at a certain genetic location, making it a hybrid.
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collection of pus in the pleural cavity: a.pneumothorax b.pleuritis c.hemoptysis d.pyothorax e.cyanosis
Collection of pus in pleural cavity is called pyothorax.
Pyothorax, also referred to as a thoracic empyema, is the buildup of an infectious purulent discharge inside the pleural cavity. The development of pyothorax can result from a variety of bacterial sources, including pneumonia, lung abscess, thoracic bite wounds, and abnormal parasite or grass awn migration. Although there are a few uncommon case reports of incidence in newborns, pyothorax in dogs is most frequently reported at a mean age of 3–4 years.
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I need help, there are more questions.. but ill post them afterwards.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. biogeochemical cycle, any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term biogeochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of each cycle.
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen cycle
Elements within biogeochemical cycles flow in various forms from the nonliving (abiotic) components of the biosphere to the living (biotic) components and back. In order for the living components of a major ecosystem (e.g., a lake or a forest) to survive, all the chemical elements that make up living cells must be recycled continuously. Each biogeochemical cycle can be considered as having a reservoir (nutrient) pool—a larger, slow-moving, usually abiotic portion—and an exchange (cycling) pool—a smaller but more-active portion concerned with the rapid exchange between the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem.
2. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
ghrelin is a(n) group of answer choices neurotransmitter found in the liver that signals a feeling of being full. hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger. enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the brain to signal a feeling of being full. neurotransmitter released by the brain to stimulate hunger.
Ghrelin is hormone released by the stomach to stimulate hunger
What is ghrelin?
Your stomach produces the hormone ghrelin. Small amounts of ghrelin are also released by various other body organs, including the brain, small intestine, and pancreas.
Ghrelin, also referred to as the hunger hormone, does more than just let your brain know you're hungry. Ghrelin, for instance,
increases food intake and aids in fat storage in the body.aids in causing the release of growth hormones from your pituitary gland.controls how your body releases insulin, the hormone in charge of processing sugar, and how much sugar you consume.has a part in bone growth, metabolism, and preventing your muscles from aging.Hence, ghrelin is hunger hormone secreted by the stomach.
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Without the circulatory and respiratory systems, human bodies would not survive. Both systems play major roles in providing our bodies with what they need. They work individually as well as together to keep us alive and healthy,
Which four statements describe functions of the circulatory system?
Responses
A Part of this system filters air as it enters the body.Part of this system filters air as it enters the body.
B This system's organs passes oxygen into the bloodstream.This system's organs passes oxygen into the bloodstream.
C This system plays a major role in fighting infections.This system plays a major role in fighting infections.
D Oxygen is delivered to cells throughout the body by this system.Oxygen is delivered to cells throughout the body by this system.
E Carbon dioxide exits the body through this system.Carbon dioxide exits the body through this system.
F This system takes in oxygen from air outside the body.This system takes in oxygen from air outside the body.
G This system removes carbon dioxide from organs and delivers it the lungs.This system removes carbon dioxide from organs and delivers it the lungs.
H Nutrients are delivered to organs through this system.
The statements that describe functions of the circulatory system are:
(C) This system plays a major role in fighting infections.
(D) Oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by this system.
(G) It removes carbon dioxide from the organs and delivers it the lungs.
(H) Nutrients are delivered to organs through this system.
Infections are the presence and growth of pathogens inside the body. The circulatory system helps in fighting infections because it circulates the various antibodies and useful hormones into the site of infection that help in fighting with the pathogens.
Lungs are the key organs of the respiratory system. They are present in a pair in the thorax region. A muscle called diaphragm provides support to the lungs from below.
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Which choice best describes when a cell becomes 1n?
The best choice that describes a cell becoming 1n is option A, after meiosis when forming a gamete
What is the process of meiosis?In prophase 1, a crossing occurs between homologous chromosomes before they are lined up in the metaphase plate is called meiosis. During this process, homologous chromosomes are separated to form daughter cells in the first division to create what are called haploid cells, 1n cells.
The primary function of meiosis is to reduce gametes from being diploid (2n) to haploid (1n). These 1n cells now contain a set of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 sets.
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duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. its victims are almost invariably boys, who usually die before the age of 20. why is this disorder almost never seen in girls?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is almost never seen in girls because girls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder.
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а X-linked recessive disorder. The аssociаted genes аre locаted on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. Since boys аre hemizygous for chromosome (hаve only one X chromosome), one copy of the аffected gene in eаch cell is sufficient to cаuse the disorder. GIrls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder. Girls heterozygous for this trаit be normаl but serve аs а cаrrier of the diseаse. Since the frequency of girls with two аltered copies of this gene, boys аre аffected by this disorder much more frequently thаn girls. Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is never pаssed from fаther to sons becаuse fаthers cаnnot pаss X-linked trаits to their sons. Thus, Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а sex-linked diseаse, not аn аutosomаl trаit which is pаssed to both sexes with equаl frequency.
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