Ceramics are synthetic materials which are corrosion and chemical resistant. Glass is an example of ceramic. Nylon, melamine and cement are not ceramic.
What are ceramics?Any of the several tough, fragile, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials created by sculpting and then heating an inorganic, nonmetallic material like clay to a high temperature are known as ceramics. Brick, porcelain, and earthenware are typical examples.
Pottery items or figurines composed of clay, either by itself or when combined with other materials like silica, and then hardened and sintered in fire, were the earliest ceramics produced by humans.
Later, glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings were applied over the crystalline ceramic substrates to reduce porosity, resulting in smooth, colorful surfaces for ceramics.
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explain why it is not necessary to weigh the flask and the unknown volatile liquid before the initial heating.
As per this case the test tube will be heated so the unwanted gas will be wiped out and only the vapors of our gas will sustain in the flask
what are flasks used for?
There are different types of flasks used in chemistry laboratories they are mainly used for weighing chemicals, preparing stock solutions, preparing reacting solutions and many more.
The test tube will only contain the vapour that is necessary to compute the molar mass because, as you heat this gas, you are producing enough vapour to drive away the air and keep the liquid's vapour present. so that there is no need to weigh the flask before heating the volatile liquid
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which of the following are examples of relative dating methods? select one: a. all of the above. b. dendrochronology and seriation. c. seriation and fluorine, uranium, nitrogen dating. d. dendrochronology and the law of superposition.
Dendrochronology and seriation give the idea of the past events around us. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Dendrochronology is both an old and a modern science. Just counting tree rings sounds simple, but in the context of forest dynamics tree age is an important and valuable parameter.
Calculating the years of the formation of tree gives us the idea of how old and strong that particular tree is. It is important in case of geology.
For a long time, dendrochronology was associated with the dating of old houses, paintings, and archaeological samples. In recent decades however it has become a science with a broad range of applications such as global climate change, canopy process decline, the carbon cycle, and many others.
Seriation, also called artifact sequencing, is an early scientific method of relative dating, invented by the Egyptologist Sir William Flinders Petrie in the late 19th century
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This carbocation rearranges. Draw the carbocation that is the result of the rearrangement. Include any nonzero formal charges in your drawing.
Carbocation rearrangements can be defined “as the movement of the carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state by making use of different structural reorganizational shifts within the molecule”. Alkyl carbocation is a carbocation comprising an alkyl group.
Carbocation Rearrangement occurs whenever the alcohols are converted into several carbocations and this phenomenon is termed as carbocation rearrangement. In simple carbocation comprises +ve charge in a molecule that is connected to 3 more groups and holds a sextet. Carbocation rearrangement can be carried out to a reaction that does not involve alcohol. There are 2 types of carbocation rearrangements namely Alkyl and Hybrid Shift.
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Body fluid is the liquid portion of our cells and tissues. In adults, what is the percentage of our body weight that is water?.
Answer:
50-70%
Explanation:
In adult men, about 60% of their bodies are water. However, fat tissue does not have as much water as lean tissue. In adult women, fat makes up more of the body than in men, so they have about 55% of their bodies are made of water.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Law of Conservation of
Matter?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
Atoms are not lost or gained in a chemical reaction, but they can rearrange
The products and the reactants of a chemical reaction must have the same
number of atoms of every element
O
All of the above
what is the temperature of ethanol is the standard enthalpy of vaporization is 39 kj and the standard entropy of vaporization is 110 j/k?
The temperature of ethanol is 354 ⁰C if the standard enthalpy of vaporization is 39 kjmol⁻¹ and the standard entropy of vaporization is 110 j/k
How is the temperature of Ethanol calculated?The change in entropy is calculated as:
ΔS = ΔH/T
Here,
ΔS is change in entropy
ΔH is the enthalpy
T is the temperature
We have,
ΔS = 110 j/k
ΔH = 39 kjmol⁻¹ = 39000 jmol⁻¹
Therefore,
T = ΔH/ΔS
T = 39000/110
Hence, the temperature of ethanol is T = 354 ⁰C
What is entropy?Entropy is the amount of available energy equal to the thermal energy of a system per unit temperature. Evaporative entropy is the ratio of the heat of vaporization to the heat of boiling. The standard entropy of vaporization of ethanol is +115 J/mol.K.
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which compound has the shortest carbon-carbon bond length? which compound has the shortest carbon-carbon bond length? ch2ch2 ch3ch3 hcch all bond lengths are the same.
Out of all the compounds - ch2ch2 (Ethylene), ch3ch3 (Ethane)and hcch the compound with the shortest bond length is hcch (Ethyne)
Bond length is the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two groups or atoms that are bonded to each other.
Bond length depends upon bond strength and is inversely proportional to it, therefore longer the length of bond, less the bond strength.
CH3-CH3 is Ethane, the C-C bond is a single bond.
CH2=CH2 is Ethylene, the C-C bond is a double bond.
CHCH is Ethyne, the C-C bond is a triple bond.
As we know, Bond length and bond strength gets shorter and stronger as the number of bonds between the two atoms increases. Here single bond has the largest bond length and triple has the shortest bond length.
So, in order of C-C bond length (longest to shortest) you have ethane > ethylene > ethyne
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explain the differences between gel electrophoresis and column chromatography. address the principles behind each separation. why do large molecules migrate more easily in one method and with more difficulty in the other? which method generated the most precise results?
In the process of chromatography, the components of the sample are divided according to how evenly they disperse between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Using using a variable rate of migration in an electric field, sample components are separated by electrophoresis.
The foundation of chromatography is the idea that mixtures of molecules applied to surfaces or solids, and fluid stationary phases (stable phases), separate from one another while moving with the help of a mobile phase.
The fundamental idea behind column chromatography is to use a stationary phase to help adsorb the solution's solutes before further separating the mixture into distinct components.
In gel electrophoresis the separation is by charge is to mass ratio and hence smaller molecules moves faster then larger molecules.
Chromatography generated the most precise results.
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An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. What is this wavelength in
scientific notation?
A. 5.0 x 103 m
B. 5.0 x 10-4 m
C. 5.0 x 10-6 m
D. 5.0 x 10-5 m
An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. this wavelength in scientific notation is 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ m.
Scientific notation is also called as standard form. Scientific notation is used to express the number that is too large number or too small is convenient written in a decimal form. scientific notation contains two part decimal number multiply power of 10.
given data is as follows :
infrared wave has wavelength = 0.000005 m
the scientific notation of the wavelength given is = 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ m
Thus, An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. this wavelength in scientific notation is 5.0 × 10⁻⁵.
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A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning is a(n)... A) conclusion B) hypothesis C) theory D) inference
Answer:
The answer is Inference.
during step 2 of the reaction aqueous hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the solution of the intermediate salt, sodium benzoate. we add hydrochloric acid for different reasons. state these two reasons. what would happen if we skipped this step?
Two reasons for dropwise addition of HCl:
To isolate the organic acid from dilute aqueous base solutionTo maintain the overall pH of the system.What is sodium benzoate?Sodium benzoate, the sodium salt of benzoic acid is widely used as a food preservative and pickling agent. It is a white crystalline chemical with the formula C₆H₅COONa. Although used as a food preservative, it is generally recognized as safe and can be used as an antibacterial agent and flavoring agent in food at a maximum usage of 0.1%. It is also generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as a preservative in animal feed.
For the specific case of your question:
Addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid protonates the sodium salt of the organic acid to produce the organic acid. Organic acids are not soluble in aqueous solutions, they precipitate in solution and can be collected by filtration.
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at what temperature would the population of the first excited vibrational state of hcl be 1/e times its population of the ground state?
At 14.52 K, the population of the first energy level is 1/e times that of the ground state.
Temperature and the energy difference between the levels affect the relative population of particles in certain rotating levels. The excitation of particles from one level to another is caused by a rise in temperature.
HCl has a rotational constant (B) of 10.59 cm⁻¹
Identify the ground state's and the first rotational level's energies.
The formula is used to calculate the energy of a rotational level.
E = hcBJ (J + 1)
The rotating level's energy is represented by E (in J).H stands for the Planck constant.The symbol for the speed of light is c.The rotational constant is denoted by B.The level of rotational energy is denoted by J.Following is the calculation of the energy of the ground state (J = 0):
E = hcBJ (J + 1)
E = 6.626 * 10⁻³⁴ J s * 2.998 * 10¹⁰cm s⁻¹ * 10.59 cm⁻¹ * 1 (1 + 1)
E = 4.207 * 10⁻²² J
Using the provided formula, the population of rotational level J in comparison to the ground state is computed.
[tex]\frac{N_{j} }{N_{0} } = 2J + 1 [ \frac{-E_{j} }{_{e}k_{B}T }[/tex] --- (I)
The J-level population is known as [tex]N_{j}[/tex]
N is the ground state's population.
The Boltzmann constant is [tex]k_{B}[/tex]
The temperature is T.
The answer to the query is
N₁ = 1 / e (N₀)
N₁ / N₀ = 1 / e ⇒ (II)
Equate (I) and (II)
1 / e = [2 (1) + 1] [tex][ \frac{-E_{j} }{_{e}k_{B}T }][/tex]
1 / 2.718 = (3) (-4.207 * 10⁻²² J) / (1.381 * 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹ * T)
0.368 = 3 * (-4.207 * 10⁻²² J) / (1.381 * 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹ * T)
0.368 = 3 * e (-30.46 K / T)
Simplifying the above expression:
0.368 = 3 * e (-30.46 K / T)
In 0.368 = In 3 + (-30.46 K / T)
-0.999 = 1.098 - (30.46 K / T)
(-30.46 K / T) = 1.098 + 0.999
Solving for T:
(30.46 K / T) = 1.098 + 0.999
(30.46 K / T) = 2.097
T = 30.46 K / 2.097
Therefore, 14.52 K is the temperature where the first energy level's population is 1/e times that of the ground state.
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COMPLETE QUESTION:
At what temperature would the population of the first rotational level of HCl be 1/e times the population of the ground state? The rotational constant for HCl, B, is equal to 10.59 cm⁻¹
.
• Which has more potential energy; a bird sitting on the roof of a skyscraper or a bird sitting on top of a house?
The term that has more potential energy is bird sitting on the roof of a skyscraper.
What is the bird's potential energy?Due to its height above the ground, it has potential energy, and because it is moving, it has kinetic energy. Because of this, a bird in flight has both kinetic and potential energy.
Norte that Potential energy in physics is the energy that an item gets to retains as a result of its position in relation to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other elements.
Therefore, Higher objects have more potential energy since they will fall further. The gravitational potential energy is highest for the heavier of two objects at the same height.
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Which two elements will release the most energy when they combine to make a compound?
Answer:
The most vigorous reaction, between two elements for the formation of an ionic compound, in theory, would be between the most electronegative element and the least electronegative element, Fluorine and Francium respectively, according to the Pauling scale. So it would be 2Fr + F2 ->2FrF. But for a more practically reasonable choice, because Francium has a very short half-life, would be Caesium and Fluorine because Caesium is just right above Francium, being in the same group (Group 1 / IA). 2Cs + F2 -> 2CsF. In both cases, the outermost electron of the Caesium/Francium atom will be taken by the Fluorine atom, in the process, releasing a massive amount of energy.
Explanation:
Although chemical reactions can involve any of the other hundred-plus elements on the periodic table, it turns out that most of the familiar energy-releasing reactions involve only hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Consider again the reaction, which involves only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are composed of positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from neutral atoms and molecules. Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral molecules.
I need help with the table
But not the Lewis dot diagram part
The valence electrons and oxidation number and the total no. of dot is given below.:
a) Ca - 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² - 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
Valence electrons Oxidation number total number of dots
a) Ca 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
Thus, the total number of valence electron , oxidation number and the total number of dots is given as:
a) a) Ca - 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² - 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
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if 27.5 grams of bromine and 12.2 grams of chlorine combine to form bromine monochloride, how many grams of bromine monochloride must form?
According to the given statement 39.45 g many grams of bromine monochloride must form.
How does chlorine help digest food?Last but not least, chloride aids in the creation and release if hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is necessary for the appropriate breakdown and absorption of food in the stomach. Chlorine kills pollutants more quickly but does so for a shorter amount of time since it evaporates more quickly. For a longer time, although more slowly, bromine destroys pollutants;
Briefing:When 27.5 grams of bromine and 12.2 grams of chlorine react, bromine monochloride is produced.
Br2 + Cl2 ---> 2BrCl
mol Br2= 27.5/160g/mol= 0.171mol
mol Cl2= 12.2g/70.906g/mol= 0.172mol
Number of moles of BrCl formed = 2×0.171= 0.342 mol.
mass BrCl= 0.342 mol x 115.357g/mol= 39.45 g
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two absorption peaks located near 255 nm are separated by 0.03 nm. what minimum resolution must a grating have in order to separate these wavelengths?
The minimum resolution to separate these wavelengths is 250nm as they are located near 255n and 0.03nm.
Resolution also known as optical resolution or chiral resolution, or chiral activity refers to the activeness of the compound. It is the process in which two racemic mixtures are separated into its components.
Wavelength is known as the distance between two repeated waves of light. Wavelength is denoted by the symbol lambda (λ). It gives us the idea of the speed or pace of a particular light.
In the given condition, two absorption peaks - absorption spectroscopy is the absorption spectrum between which the light releases protons. Therefore, the wavelength to separate these two absorption peaks is 250nm in minimum.
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in a typical heating curve, what is the nature of the slope of the curve when the substrate, in one state of matter, is being heated to another state of matter, but no change of state is occurring? group of answer choices slope < 0 slope
The temperature of a substance does not change while the state does, this shows that the slope has positive gradient. So, the answer is slope > 0.
What is heating curve?The heating curve is the relationship between the flow temperature of the heating system and the outside air temperature.The heat required to change the temperature of a particular substance (without changing phase) is: q = m × c × ΔT. The heat required to produce a particular phase change is given by q = n × ΔH. The slope is actually 1/mc. Continue heating and the solid will melt. During this time the temperature remains constant. The total length of this line is the amount of heat required to melt the solid.To know more about heating curve visit:
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What is the formula unit for the ionic bond between Sodium (Na) and Phosphorus (P)?
Na P
The ionic bond between Na and P has formula unit Na3P.
What is the formula unit?
Formula units is the chemical formula which gives all the ions present in the lowest ratio possible to make it neutral charge of an ionic compound. For example, the formula unit for sodium chloride can be written as NaCl where charge on Na is +1 and charge on Cl is -1. So to make it neutral they can be cancelled and written as NaCl.
In sodium phosphide, the charge on Na (sodium) ion is +1 and the charge on the P (phosphorous) ion is -3. Therefore, make the charges neutral, 3 Na ions need to be added to 1 P ion. Formula units can be used to describe or represent the molecules or the elements which make up a substance.
Hence, Na3P is the formula unit of Na and P in sodium phosphide.
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Which statement describes a causal relationship between two variables?
The statement that describes a casual relationship between two variables would be a correlation.
What is correlation?Correlation is a statistical term used to describe the relationship between two variables. The strength of the correlation between two variables is measured by a factor known as the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is represented by r.
The value of r ranges from -1 to +1.
A positive r means that the two variables have the tendency to increase together. That is a direct relationship.A negative correlation means the two variables have an inverse relationship. As one is increasing, the other is decreasing, and vice versa.A correlation of 0 means that the two variables have no linear correlation with each otherA correlation of 1 means the two variables are perfectly correlated.Thus, the casual realtionship between two variables is best described as correlation.
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what is the relationship between the concentration of a solution and the amount of transmitted light through the solution?
Relationship between the concentration of a solution and the amount of transmitted light through the solution is directly proportional to the molar concentration of solution
Concentration is the amount solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution and the percentage of light by the colored solution can be detected and converted to absorbance of light and this is directly proportional and the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the substances and the higher the concentration the higher its absorbance and this is because the proportion of light that get absorbed is affected by the number of molecule that it interact with it
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I am working on a Bohr Rutherford Diagram for Science right now, and my first question on the textbook is "draw a Bhor Rutherford Diagram for Sulfur-32."
How do I figure out how many dots I put in the Diagram?
The number of dots in the Bohr Rutherford Diagram for sulphur-32 is equal to 16 as the dots represent the number of electrons and the sulfur atoms have 16 in its atom. Bohr Rutherford's Diagram of sulphur-32 is shown below.
What is Bohrs' model of an atom?Bohr's model described the atomic structure by explaining the electrons move in definite and fixed orbitals or electron shells. Boh's model proposed that atoms contain a nucleus and the electrons surround this atomic nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy and the energy levels are represented with integer 1, 2, 3,.... and sometimes also represented as K, L, M, N...... shells.
When the electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level then it absorbs energy and when the electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level then it emits energy.
The atomic number of the sulfur atom is 16 so it has 16 electrons. Therefore, we can show 16 dots surrounding the nucleus in the Bohr-Rutherford Diagram.
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1. A sample of a pure substance has a mass of 18 g and a volume of 2 cm) Find the density of
the sample.
3) suppose that you had calibrated the thermometer in your melting-point apparatus against a series of melting point standards. after reading the temperature and converting it using the calibration chart, should you also apply a stem correction? explain.
the stem correction is not required in this case
what is calibration?
Calibration is the process of comparing the measurement results provided by a device under test with those of a calibration standard with a known accuracy in measurement technology and metrology. Another measurement tool with proven precision, a device that generates the amount to be measured, such as a voltage generator or sound generator, or a physical artefact, such as a metre ruler, might all serve as examples of such standards.
One of the following outcomes from the comparison is possible:
No substantial errors are found on the device being tested. Significant errors are found, but no corrections are done to bring the errors down to a manageable level.
In a strict sense, "calibration" refers only to the process of comparing and excludes any further correction.
A national or international standard held by a metrology agency is often traceable to the calibration standard.
It is crucial to compare the thermometer's readings to the boiling or melting points of pure liquids or solids at various temperatures, as shown below. Naturally, if the thermometer is calibrated in this manner, there will be no need to apply an exposed stem adjustment.
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calculate the theoretical yield of strontium sulfate when 525 ml of 1.199 m sulfuric acid is added to 23.66 grams of strontium bromide
The theoretical yield of strontium sulfate will be 16.47g.
The theoretical yield here can be calculated as:
The grams of sulfuric acid present calculated using formula; molarity = given mass/molar mass/ volume of solution (L)
This will give 61.73 g of sulfuric acid.
In the balanced chemical reaction 1 mole of strontium bromide react with 1 mole of sulfuric acid to give 1 mole of strontium sulfate and 2 moles of hydrobromide. Molar mass of strontium sulfate is 183g/mol and strontium bromide is 246g/mol.
calculating number of moles by using given mass/molar mass; we get
0.09 moles of strontium bromide and 0.63 moles of sulfuric acid.
Thus as 1 mole of strontium sulfate is produced thus: 1*0.09*183 = 16.47g
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the absorbance and fluorescence of a molecule are shown on a spectrum. what can be concluded about the features of the spectrum?
According to the given condition, the
absorbance
is the signal at the highest energy, or longest wavelength. The
fluorescence
is the signal at the lowest energy, or shortest wavelength.
Absorbance is the
logarithm
of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample. It is also known as the measure of the capacity of a substance to absorb light in a specific wavelength.
Fluorescence is the
emission
of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. Fluorophores are molecules that absorb light in a specific wavelength and emit light in another wavelength.
Absorbance is measured by the principle of
Beer-Lambert's
law. It is also known as Beer's law. It states that the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. It is commonly used in chemical analysis and measurements of physical optics for photons and neutrons.
In comparison with absorbance and fluorescence, it is important to consider the specificity of each method. In absorbance, a light of certain wavelength is passed through the solution to measure the optical density or concentration.
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which of the following statements is false when performing an ultrasonic scaling during routine dental prophylaxis? a. the ultrasonic scaler should be grasped like a pencil. b. the side of the instrument should be used against the tooth rather than the tip. c. the ultrasonic scaler can be used for supragingival scaling only. d. the ultrasonic scaler should not be on the tooth form longer than 10-15 seconds at a time.
The claim that an ultrasonic scaler can be utilized for both supragingival and subgingival scaling during routine dental prophylaxis is untrue.
What do you mean by dental prophylaxis?During a dental prophylaxis, the teeth are given a thorough cleaning. Prophylaxis is a crucial dental technique for halting the spread of gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Periodontal disease and gingivitis can be brought on by bacteria from plaque that colonize on gingival (gum) tissue above or below the gum line. The body's continuing inflammatory response is brought on by these bacterial colonies' extreme inflammatory reactions and irritation. As the body starts to gradually erode bone and gum tissue, the teeth might shift, become unstable, or even fall out totally. There are more bacteria in the deeper pockets that develop between the gums and teeth.
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if 15.0 l of nitrogen is formed at stp, how many liters of hydrogen will be produced (also measured at stp)?
45.0 liters of hydrogen will be produced at STP.
The balanced chemical equation at STP is :
2NH₃ → N₂+3H₂
For every 2 moles of ammonia that take part in the reaction, you get 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 3 moles of hydrogen gas. When all three gases are kept under the same conditions for pressure and temperature, these mole ratios become equivalent to volume ratios, i.e. 1:3 mole ratio.
When both gases are kept under STP conditions, we will have:
[n/v]H₂=[n/v]N₂
v[H₂]=3ₓv[N₂]
Here, v[H₂]=15.0 L
∴ v[H₂]=45.0 L
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chemicals that change behavior or mood by directly affecting activity of the postsynaptic cell are referred to as t
Chemicals that change behavior or mood by directly affecting activity of the postsynaptic cell are referred to as neurotransmitter
In a chemical synapse the postsynaptic membrane is the membrane that receives a signal from the presynaptic cell and respond via depolarization or hyperpolarization and neurotransmitter play an important role in neural communication and they are chemical messengers that carry massages between nerve cell and other cell in your body and influencing everything from mood to involuntary movements and monoamine neurotransmitter such as dopamine are the most important neurotransmitter in the pathophysiology of mood disorders
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What frequency is a wave with a wavelength of 1km?
The frequency of wavelength of 1km 299792.458 Hz.
These molecules already react to the inward motion of the loudspeaker membrane moving toward the source. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. The wave with the greatest frequency has the shortest wavelength. Twice the frequency means one-half the wavelength. For this reason, the wavelength ratio is the inverse of the frequency ratio.
calculation:-
C= wavelength × frequency
frequency = 3 × 10⁸/ 1000 Hz
= 299792.458 Hz.
= 3 ×10⁵ Hz
Based on such a model, we found that mass is not an intrinsic property of the particle. Instead, mass is basically a measure of particle energy. The relations between energy and mass can be directly derived based on the wave properties of the particle. Waves are one of the ways in which energy may be transferred between stores. Waves can be described as oscillations or vibrations about a resting position.
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The frequency of a wavelength of 1km is
299792.458 Hz.