Relatively speaking, how much atp is produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Answers
2 ATPs are produced in the TCA cycle per glucose molecule (2 acetyl CoA).
The ATP that is produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is, both yield a small amount of ATP.
Citric acid cycle is also known as Krebs cycle, which breaks down the pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide. As a result to which it produces 2 ATP and 6 NADH, for every glucose molecule entering glycolysis.
Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. It takes in acetyl CoA and produces carbon dioxide.
The overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP.
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Related Questions
________is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base
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Metabolic acidosis is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base.
What is metabolic acidosis?The primary function of the kidney is to purge toxins from the blood and convert waste products into urine. Around 160 grams of weight and one to one and a half litres of urine are excreted daily by each kidney.When the kidneys do not properly eliminate acids from the blood into the urine, renal tubular acidosis (RTA) ensues. The result is an excessively high blood acid level, or acidosis. While having some blood acid is natural, having too much acid can cause numerous biological functions to become unbalanced.When there is too much acid in the body's fluids, it is called acidosis.When your kidneys and lungs are unable to maintain a healthy pH level in your body, acidosis results. Acid is created by numerous bodily activities.Learn more about kidney here:
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The most complicated spinal reflexes are called:
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one way that the investigator could increase the validity of the investigation
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Answer:
for different purpose like accuracy, validate
Peer review is the process
A.
by which scientific work is reviewed by anonymous, independent experts.
B.
by which scientists are rated on their yearly contributions to the field.
C.
through which a theory can become a law.
D.
None of the above
Answers
Peer review is the process (A) by which scientific work is reviewed by anonymous, independent experts.
Peer review is the procedure by which an expert or group of experts evaluate a scientific research article or research work before publishing it in any scientific journal. The experts assess the validity, quality and originality of the scientific work or research article for publication.
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Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized?
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Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized entry into laboratories, removal or misuse of microbiological agents or hazardous agents
What is Biosecurity?Biosecurity refers to the protection and accountability of highly sensitive and mostly lethal biological agents and toxins in order to prevent them from exposure to the general public.
Biological toxins must be properly labelled and sealed so as to avoid inadvertent exposure. These toxins pose immense and immediate health risks to individuals exposed to them.
Action and planning is therefore required to ensure these biological agents are properly secured and to prevent unauthorized access, removal or exposure to biological hazardous agents.
Maximum security laboratories are often used to test and experiment with these biohazards.
In conclusion, biosecurity ensures that individuals without authorized access do not come in contact wuty biohazards.
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Cytotoxic t cells are able to recognize infected body cells because _______________________.
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Cytotoxic t-cells are able to recognize infected body cells because the infected cells display foreign antigens.
What do cytotoxic killer T cells do?The helper T cell and the cytotoxic T cell are the two main subtypes of T cells. Helper T cells, as their names imply, "assist" other immune system cells, whereas cytotoxic T cells "kill" virally-infected cells and tumors. The TCR cannot directly bind antigen, unlike an antibody.
Killer T cells are also known as "cytotoxic" or "cytolytic" cells because they have unique molecular weapons that allow them to attack and kill other cells that are showing targets they are familiar with, such as a virus-infected cell or even a malignant cell. The processed cancer cell antigen, which is solely presented by MHC-class I, must be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Helper T cells binding to a processed antigen on the same dendritic cell as the MHC-class II presenting a processed cancer cell antigen enhances cytotoxic T-cell complete activation.
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Explain why the simplest drawing to model the principle of independent assortment requires four chromosomes, but the simplest drawing to model the principle of segregation requires only two chromosomes
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Independent assortment involves the independent segregation of the alleles of two separate genes on separate chromosomes.
What is the Principle of independent assortment How is it related to the Principle of segregation?
Understanding the law of segregation is necessary before defining independent assortment. According to the law of segregation, individual gamete cells receive two distinct, independently sorted genes during meiosis. On the other side, the random separation of the maternal and paternal DNA allows for a greater variety of genes.
Independent assortment refers to the independent segregation of two different genes' alleles on two different chromosomes. As a result, to create the simplest model of independent assortment, at least 4 chromosomes must be represented as two homologous pairs. On the other hand, only the two chromosomes of one homologous pair need to be drawn because segregation takes into account the separation of the two copies of a single gene carried on a single type of chromosome.
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the _______ is the central organ in the circulatory system. it has four chambers.
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There are four chambers of the heart, the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers), and the left ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).
The complete sentence is "The heart is the central organ in the circulatory system. It has four chambers".
The heart, which pumps blood throughout the body, is an essential part of the circulatory system. It is commonly referred to as the "central pump" or the "central organ" of the circulatory system due to its crucial role in maintaining blood circulation.
The heart, a muscular organ, is located in the chest cavity and leans slightly to the left. Two top chambers, known as atria, and two bottom chambers, known as ventricles, make up the heart.
The two atria of the heart act as its chambers of reception. Both the left and right atriums of the heart receive blood that is returned to the heart by the body. The heart's two ventricles are its pumping chambers. They contract ferociously to force blood out.Thus, the complete sentence is "The heart is the central organ in the circulatory system. It has four chambers".
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Plants with higher numbers of stomata on the surfaces of their leaves would likely have higher rates of transpiration when compared to plants with lower numbers of stomata because __________
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Plants with higher numbers of stomata on the surfaces of their leaves would likely have higher rates of transpiration when compared to plants with lower numbers of stomata because almost 97 % of water from plants is lost through stomatal transpiration.
What is Transpiration?Transpiration is a process which involves loss of water vapour through the stomata of plants and this loss cools the plant down when the weather is very hot, so the water from the stem and roots moves upwards or is 'pulled' into the leaves.
The water remaining 97–99.5% is lost by transpiration and guttation through the presence of stomata in the leaves. In this process, water evaporates in the atmosphere from plant leaves and other part.
There are different types of transpiration which depends on the organ that performs transpiration
Stomatal transpirationCuticular transpirationLenticular TranspirationThus, plants with higher numbers of stomata on the surfaces of their leaves would likely have higher rates of transpiration when compared to plants with lower numbers of stomata because almost 97 % of water from plants is lost through stomatal transpiration.
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What would you predict would be the result of a cell bypassing the spindle assembly checkpoint before it is appropriate?
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The process inactivated the checkpoint arrest even through the damaged persists. Spindle assembly checkpoint before is result in cells existing mitosis without forming a spindle or segregating their chromosome.
During 3rd checkpoint M-phase and called the spindle checkpoint and chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle, sometime more than one chromosome is attached. Cell cycle checkpoint cant determine the cell will divide. The progression of cell to the next stage in the cycle can halted conditions are favorable.
The cell division under the conditions where it was wrong to do so. Unreplicated chromosome could be put through mitosis. If the daughter cells are ignored the checkpoint and divided there would soon be abnormal mass of cells.
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Assume the oligopeptide with the amino acid sequence: alphahelicks, forms one continuous α-helix. the carbonyl oxygen of the glutamic acid residue is hydrogen bonded to the amide nitrogen of?
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Alpha helix is packed and-this twisting formation is that the amino acide chain-will form a rod . The amino acid methionine , alanine, leucine , glutamate and lysine are form alpha helix.
The alpha helices may range in length from 4 to 40 amino acids but typical alpha helix is about 10 amino acids long. Hydrogen bond between the hydrogen in an amino group and the oxygen in carboxylic group on the amino acid causes this structure.
Alpha helix is characterized by a tight right handed twist in the amino acid chain which causes rod shape.Hydrogen bonds to the backbone of amino acid .It is made of two alpha helices of sequence of amino acids.
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Please help !!
1 ) Explain how competition between members of the same species helps to control population growth.
2) Name two factors that the crop plants and weeds may complete for and explain the importance of each.
3) Farmers usually prefer to spray herbicides on weeds early in the growing season. suggest why.
Answers
Competition help to regulate population growth since only those who are able to obtain food survive.
Crop plants and weeds may compete for water and for sunlight.
Farmers spray herbicides early in the growing season to avoid competition between crop plants and weeds.
What is the effect of competition on population?Competition among species help to regulate population growth by ensuring that only those who are able to obtain food survive. Thus, only fit individuals of a species survive.
Crop plants and weeds may compete for water because water enables them to carry out metabolic activities of growth and development.
Crop plants and weeds may also compete for sunlight and they need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.
Farmers spray herbicides early in the growing season in order to avoid or reduce competition between crop plants and weeds.
In conclusion, competition among species helps to control overpopulation.
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INTRODUCTION
The decline in weed seed numbers in arable fields (approx. 95%) over the course of the 20th century is witness to the success of weed control measures (Robinson and Sutherland, 2002). This success in weed control has resulted primarily from the extensive use of herbicides, changes in crop rotations and a range of cultivation methods. However, the sustained use of a range of agro‐chemicals, in recent years, has resulted in an increase in the number of herbicide‐resistant weed species (Powles and Shaner, 2001), a shift in the weed flora of arable fields from one of mixed weeds to one dominated by grass weeds (Barr et al., 1993) and increasing environmental and public health concerns over the use of pesticides (Conway and Pretty, 1991).
give my answer a speshull thanks
A/an _________________________ is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through an incision in the back.
Answers
Nephrolithotomy is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through an incision in the back.
These procedures are treatments for kidney stones that are used in patients with large or irregularly shaped kidney stones, people with infections, stones that have not been broken up enough by SWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) or those who are not candidates for another common stone treatment, ureteroscopy.
Stones bigger than 2 cm (the size of a marble) require this procedure.
Procedures involve entering the kidney through a small incision in the back. Once the surgeon gets to the kidney, a nephroscope (a miniature fiberoptic camera) , threaded in through the hole.
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Which procedure involves excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue?
Answers
According to the research, the correct option is transsphenoidal surgery, this procedure implies the excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue.
What is transsphenoidal surgery?It is a treatment for pituitary tumors that uses the endoscope as a source of vision and that allows the doctor to reach the pituitary gland and nearby areas through the sphenoid sinus, preserving nasal anatomy and functionality.
Generally, this technique is indicated for patients with microadenomas as well as macroadenomas and other pathologies in the region that cause symptoms such as vision loss, headaches, or hormone-related problems.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is transsphenoidal surgery, this procedure implies the excision of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue.
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Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
A) loss of ADH secretionB) loss of GH secretionC) loss of melatonin secretionD) loss of emotional responseE) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
Answers
A )loss of ADH secretion.
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause loss of ADH secretion. Reason behind this is antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in hypothalamic supra optic nerves .Hence, destruction of supra optic nerve in the hypothalamus will alter the production and secretion of ADH . ADH is stored in posterior pituitary gland and is released into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid changes by the osmoreceptors in the brain.
Deficiency of ADH can cause or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH also known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These patients, if untreated, have the predictable result of dehydration, hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, and eventual death in severe cases.
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A student camping in a wilderness area where Rocky Mountain spotted fever is endemic discovers a tick on her leg. She easily removed it because it had just attached to her leg. What is her risk for contracting RMSF
Answers
The risk of contracting RMSF is very low, because Rickettsia is activated only after hours of feeding.
What is Rock Mountain Spotted Fever?A tick bite can transmit the bacterial sickness known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). It results in nausea, vomiting, a spike in temperature of 102 to 103°F, headache, abdominal pain, rash, and aches and pains.
In the US, RMSF is regarded as the most dangerous infection transmitted by ticks. Even though the infection can be properly treated with antibiotics, delaying treatment might result in catastrophic harm to internal organs or even death. By avoiding tick bites or quickly removing a tick that has already bit you, you can lower your risk.
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I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST IF YOU ANSWER THIS.
Answers
Answer:cell is the basic unit of life.
A cell may be unicellular or multicellular
Explanation:
Answer:
Two of the three points of cell theory:1) All living organisms are composed of one or more Cells.2) Cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of living organisms.Hope this helps.Good luck ✅.Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct
Answers
The exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
What are preloads?Preload are also known as the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
It is also known as the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. It is the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during the systole.
Preload is also affected by the rate of venous return and the venous blood pressure , which are affected by the volume of circulating blood and venous tone .
Preload is increased by exercising , or increase in blood pressure and neuroendocrine excitement .
Thus, the exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
The complete question is
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct?
a. End diastolic volume (EDV) decreases.
b. Stroke volume decreases
c. Venous return decreases.
d. Preload increases.
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Swallows return to the same nesting colony every year, sometimes even the same nest. What's the best explanation for this behavior
Answers
Swallows like to reuse their nests year after year and make them out of mud pellets.
The process of building a nest requires a lot of energy, and swallows can make over 1,000 journeys. Unoccupied nests are taken over by new pairs.
Most songbirds only utilize a nest for one clutch or breeding season before building a new one, assuming they live to reproduce again. However, one study found that 44% of pairs of swallows returned to the same colony and used the same nest.
The material used to construct the nests is the main distinction between the two nests. Grass, sticks, and other materials are employed in the case of weaver birds. A swallow's nest is constructed of moist mud as well.
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White moths were found in huge numbers in the english city of birmingham. these moths could be easily camouflaged by the trees because white lichen covered the bark. because of sudden industrial development, the city’s trees became covered with soot. how will this change affect the population of the white moth? a. the population will decrease. b. the population will increase. c. there will be no change in their population. d. the population will change their food preferences.
Answers
The correct answer is a. the population will decrease of white moths.
White mothsThe white satin moth, also known as the satin moth or Leucoma salicis, is a member of the Erebidae family of moths. Carl Linnaeus published the first description of the species in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758. It can be found in Europe, including the British Isles, but not in the far north. Additionally in North America, where it was first introduced in the 1920s. The wingspan is between 37 and 50 mm. White, occasionally ochreous, or in the male, even with a blackish costal edge; dark on the head, collar, and antennal pectinations. Broad black rings on the tarsi and tibiae. The East Asian species Leucoma candida has distinct male genitalia, considerably purer glossy white wings that are completely opaque and have thicker scales, and it is generally smaller with narrower wings.
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Answer: the population will decrease option A
Explanation:
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What is the second greatest color of light chlorophyll A absorbs?
Answers
Answer: Chlorophyll a absorbs violet and orange light the most. Chlorophyll b absorbs mostly blue and yellow light.
Explanation: They both also absorb light of other wavelengths with less intensity.
In an experiment on an animal model in which the synapsin gene is knocked out, you measure the density of synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal within the active zone and outside the active zone in both knockout and control animals. Given what you know about the function of synapsin, what would you expect to find
Answers
When the synapsin gene is knocked out there will be fewer vesicles in the reserve pool in knockout animals than in controls.
Synapsin
Synapsins are a family of evolutionarily conserved phosphoproteins seen in all synapses. They are reversibly associated with synaptic vesicles. They are responsible for holding the vesicles in place.
There are different isoforms of synapsins. Both synapsin I and synapsin II are the major isoforms of synapsin and are related to the elongation of axons and the synaptic vesicle fusion kinetics regulation. Synapsin III is involved in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis regulation.
Functions of Synapsin
Presynaptic terminal formationRegulating the vesicle reserve poolAxon elongationDocking of synaptic vesiclesSynaptogenesisNote: - The question seems to be missing the options which possibly could be,
"There will be fewer vesicles in the reserve pool in knockout animals than in controlsThere will be more vesicles in the reserve pool in knockout animals than in controlsThere will be no vesicles in the reserve pool in knockout animals than in controlsThere will be no vesicles docked in the active zone in knockout animalsThere will be no difference between knockout animals and controls"Learn more about synapses here:
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A regulator
regulator
O
is the part that connects to your scuba cylinder and a
is the part you place in your mouth and use to breath.
alternate air source / first stage
second stage/first stage
first stage/second stage
low pressure inflator/second stage
Answers
Answer:
First stage
Explanation:
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Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture:_____.
A. FSH and PRL.B. TSH and FSH.C. ADH and OXT.D. GHIH and GHRH.E. CRF and GnRH.
Answers
Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin and is denoted as option C.
What is Hypothalamus?This structure in the brain manages the hormones thereby serving as the control coordinating center.
The paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus is adjacent to the third ventricle and produces ADH and OXT.
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during what phase of a muscle twitch chemical changes such as the release of calicum are according intracelluary as rthe muscles prepare for contractrion
Answers
During latent phase of a muscle twitch chemical changes such as the release of calicum are according intracelluary as rthe muscles prepare for contractrion.
What are the phases of a twitch contraction?
A single contraction is called a twitch. A muscle twitch has a latent period, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase. A graded muscle response allows variation in muscle tension.What is a latent period ?
The amount of time that passes between an action potential being generated in a muscle cell and the beginning of muscular contraction.
What is a muscle twitch?
The fundamental reaction of a motor unit to a single stimulus is a muscle twitch. Muscle Twitch in three different states . Excitation of the muscle fiber takes place during the latent phase, and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell's cytoplasm.What happens during latent period of muscle twitch?
A single muscle twitch consists of three parts. the contraction phase, the relaxation phase, and the latent period, often known as the lag phase. The action potential reaches the muscle, and the latent period is the brief (1-2 msec) interval before tension is seen in the muscle.Learn more about latent period
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what element DOES NOT make up amino acids
Answers
The elements that make up amino acids are as follows:
NitrogenHydrogenOxygen CarbonWhat is an amino acid?Amino acid is the basic and structural unit of polypeptides and proteins.
The amino acid has a general structure made up of the following:
Amine group = NH2Carboxyl group = COOHR groupTherefore, it can be said that the elements that make up amino acids are as follows:
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Which instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth?
Answers
Periodontal curettes instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth.
What is periodontal curette ?
Periodontal curettes have a rounded back and toe, one face, and one or two cutting edges. They are often the tool of choice for removing supragingival calculi. When doing nonsurgical periodontal therapy as part of a patient's oral hygiene care, universal and Gracey curettes are frequently employed.
What type of instrument is periodontal curette ?
ultrasound instruments The main kind of treatment for eliminating plaque and calculus is ultrasound technology. These power-driven devices oscillate at incredibly fast rates, creating tiny vibrations that help eliminate calculus and subgingival plaque.
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The musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs. lower limb upper limb trunk head and neck
Answers
The three muscles which control the vertebral column are the semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
However, these muscles helps tp o the vertebral column and also have a role in proprioception and balance.
What are muscles?Muscles can be defined as a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.
So therefore, the musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs, lower limb upper limb trunk head and neck
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Chemical pesticides are used by farmers to kill pests in farms. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has been found to be harmful for the ecosystem. Jerry, a farmer, uses chemical pesticides to protect his crops. In this scenario, the use of chemical pesticides _____.
Answers
Chemical pesticides are used by farmers to kill pests in farms. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has been found to be harmful for the ecosystem. Jerry, a farmer, uses chemical pesticides to protect his crops. In this scenario, the use of chemical pesticides is still harmful due to its permanent effects on the ecosystem.
Pesticides are chemical substances that are used to eradicate undesired organisms such as insects, rodents, fungi, and plants (weeds). There are more than a thousand different insecticides in use today. Pesticides are used in agriculture to kill pests that harm crops and in public health to kill disease vectors like mosquitoes.Pesticides have a terrible impact on human health. Pesticides have been shown to have an adverse effect on development and reproduction, as well as to damage the kidneys and liver and disturb the endocrine system.Pesticides, which kill weeds or insects, can be poisonous to a variety of other creatures, such as fish, birds, helpful insects, and non-target plants.learn more about Chemical pesticides here: https://brainly.com/question/12912926
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How do xenoturbellida relate to hemichordates and nonvertebrate chordates?
Answers
The deuterostome group's gene arrangement in the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella bocki is remarkably close to that of the chordates and hemichordates and hence to the ancestor deuterostome gene order. Inversion and breakpoint studies particularly point to a similarity to the hemichordates.
Previous morphological investigations imply that Xenoturbella could be classified as a bivalve mollusc, a basal bilaterian, a turbellarian flatworm, a sister group to the echinoderms(nonvertebrate), or a hemichordate. Recent genetic analyses that focus mostly on nuclear genes appear to favour the Ambulacraria (echinoderms + hemichordates). In contrast, a basal deuterostome location is supported by mitochondrial sequences.
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