Answer:
The goal of disinfection of public water supplies is the elimination of the pathogens that are responsible for waterborne diseases. The transmission of diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, cholera, salmonellosis, and shigellosis can be controlled with treatments that substantially reduce the total number of viable microorganisms in the water.
While the concentration of organisms in drinking water after effective disinfection may be exceedingly small, sterilization (i.e., killing all the microbes present) is not attempted. Sterilization is not only impractical, it cannot be maintained in the distribution system. Assessment of the reduction in microbes that is sufficient to protect against the transmission of pathogens in water is discussed below.
Chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting water supplies in the United States. The near universal adoption of this method can be attributed to its convenience and to its highly satisfactory performance as a disinfectant, which has been established by decades of use. It has been so successful that freedom from epidemics of waterborne diseases is now virtually taken for granted. As stated in Drinking Water and Health (National Academy of Sciences, 1977), "chlorination is the standard of disinfection against which others are compared."
However, the discovery that chlorination can result in the formation of trihalomethanes (THM's) and other halogenated hydrocarbons has prompted the reexamination of available disinfection methodology to determine alternative agents or procedures (Morris, 1975).
The method of choice for disinfecting water for human consumption depends on a variety of factors (Symons et al., 1977). These include:
its efficacy against waterborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths);
the accuracy with which the process can be monitored and controlled;
its ability to produce a residual that provides an added measure of protection against possible posttreatment contamination resulting from faults in the distribution system;
the aesthetic quality of the treated water; and
the availability of the technology for the adoption of the method on the scale that is required for public water supplies.
Economic factors will also play a part in the final decision; however, this study is confined to a discussion of the five factors listed above as they apply to various disinfectants.
The propensity of various disinfection methods to produce by-products having effects on health (other than those relating to the control of infectious diseases) and the possibility of eliminating or avoiding these undesirable by-products are also important factors to be weighed when making the final decisions about overall suitability of methods to disinfect drinking water. The subcommittee has not attempted to deal with these problems since the chemistry of disinfectants in water and the toxicology of expected by-products have been studied by other subcommittees of the Safe Drinking Water Committee, whose reports appear in Chapter III of this volume (Chemistry) and Chapter IV (Toxicity) of Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 3.
Organization of the Study
The general considerations noted in the immediately following material should be borne in mind when considering each method of disinfection. Available information on the obvious major candidates for drinking water disinfection—chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine—is then evaluated for each method individually in the following sections. Other less obvious possibilities are also examined to see if they have been overlooked unjustly in previous studies or if it might be profitable to conduct further experimentation on them. Disinfection by chloramines is dealt with in parallel with that effected by chlorine because of the close relationship the former has to chlorine disinfection under conditions that might normally be encountered in drinking water treatment.
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary is
Answer:
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
GnRH produced by the hypothalamus stimulates the production of both LH and FSH. FSH functions by stimulating ovarian follicular development in females and regulating spermatogenesis in males. LH induces ovulation and corpus luteum formation in the ovaries.
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_____ are related to poor productivity of harvest due to poor care for soil.
Answer:
Soil Tillage, Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration
Explanation:
Which of the following contributes to the movement of tectonic plates?
I. Push of newly formed crust
II. Pull of subducting plate
III. Weathering of continental
crust
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II
D. II and III
Answer:
option D is correct
Explanation:
Take the subducting plate out, Tectonic plate movement is aided by the weathering of continental crust.
The correct answer is D
Explain what a tectonic plate is.?Tectonic plates are huge pieces of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Oceanic and continental crust both make up their structure. Earthquakes take place at mid-ocean ridges in addition to the main faults that define the borders of the plates.
Why do tectonic plates form?Convection currents are created by the intense heat and pressure that exists within the earth. The tectonic plates that make it up the earth's crust shift as a result of these currents.
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The study of structure or how organisms are organized on the cellular, tissue, organ, system, or organism levels is called what
Answer:
Anatomy.
Because Anatomy is the study of internal body organs
Farming, grazing of livestock, mining, and drilling combined account for: Over 1/2 of deforestation About 1/3 of deforestation 3/4 of deforestation All of deforestation
Answer:
Over 1/2 of deforestation
Explanation:
Farming, grazing of livestock, mining, and drilling combined account for Over 1/2 of deforestation or more than half of deforestation.
These are few of the major causes of deforestation which is continuously destroying forests and wildlife that leads to global warming.
Forests are destroyed for farming purposes, overgrazing by cattles, urbanization of forests in industries and towns, mining, and drilling should be controlled to save deterioration of the earth.
Hence, the correct answer is "Over 1/2 of deforestation ".
In the autumn, many birds will collect seeds and then hide them in various caches throughout their habitat. The birds will guard their caches from other birds, and move the caches if they start to dry out. These caches provide a food source for the birds during the winter. What is an abiotic factor that contributed to the evolution of this set of behaviors? A. being preyed upon by larger birds B. competition with other birds for space C. limited food availability D. cold winter climate
Answer:cold winter climate
Explanation:During winter specially in the eastern and western part of the world....snows bury grounds and food that enables this organisms live....and cold can also affect them
Answer:
Answer: c. limited food availability
Explanation:
Both biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for shaping the evolutionary framework of the population. Resource availability can be one of the important abiotic factor in determining the evolutionary dynamics of the population or species. Limitations in resource can result in increase in competition. According to population exclusion principle when two species compete for the same limiting resource this results in co-evolution of both the species. But the extent of evolution may vary among the species. The one which undergoes more favorable evolution will be stronger competitor and drive more resources and will be fit for survival in adverse limiting conditions.
Which is a main function of lipids?
Answer:
lipids plays the role of storage of energy
or forming cell membranes alone
what would happen if the pons of the brain is damaged?
Hello There!
Answer :
If the pons of the brain is damaged , it may cause a major interruption,loss of muscle control and function except for the eye movement in the body.Pons - Situated in the brain,Sends sensory information like signals through sleep patterns to the organs and muscles.Hope this helps!
Have a nice Day!:)
Answer: If the pons of the brain is damaged , it may cause a major interruption, loss of muscle control and function except for the eye movement in the body.
Explanation: no wander
True or False: Polar molecules do not have a difference in electrical charge.
Answer:
false
Explanation:
nonpolar molecule has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed
What relationship will blood volume have on blood pressure?
Answer:
Answer:I HOPE THAT ABOVE INFORMATION WILL HELP YOU A LOT.
Answer:I HOPE THAT ABOVE INFORMATION WILL HELP YOU A LOT.
Differentiate between classification and taxonomy?
Answer:
Taxonomies are based on providing a hierarchical relationship map between a multitude of items while classification usually only groups items according to one or two attributes. The fundamental difference is that taxonomies describes relationships between items while classification simply groups the items.
Answer:
Taxonomy:
A branch of biology that classifies organisms by group.
Example:
Kingdom of Protist:
Protozoans
Kingdom of Animal
Classification:
The act of forming group.
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What is chromosomes?Write in brief about the structure of a chromosome.must include all points with explanations
Answer:
Please find the detailed explanation below
Explanation:
A chromosome is thread-like material that carries the long strands of the genetic material (DNA), which in turn carries the gene. The chromosome is the found form of nuclear material in the nucleus.
Due to the long nature of the DNA molecule, they cannot fit into the cell. Hence, to ensure they fit, the cell wraps the DNA molecule around a set of protein called HISTONE proteins to form a NUCLEOSOME. Each nucleosome is made up of DNA coiled around a set of 8 proteins called HISTONE OCTAMER. The nucleosome structure becomes more compacted and further wound around the histone to form a CHROMATIN. This chromatin then undergoes condensation to form the visible CHROMOSOME structure.
Write True or False for the following statements. Rewrite the false statements in correct forms.
a) A pitcher plant is a primary consumer.
b) A tick that survives on cattle can survive without plants on the Earth.
c) Oxygen is not a greenhouse gas.
d) Enhanced greenhouse effect helps maintain the average temperature of the Earth.
e) Earthworm is a decomposer.
Answer:
false statement is option A
Explanation:
correct form of option A is
A pitcher plant is a producer not consumer
Burning of which of the following fuels produces the least amount of carbon dioxide per unit of energy?
1. Coal
2. Oil
3.natural gas
4. All of these
Answer:
3.natural gas
Explanation:
Vaccines are
1 point
cures for pathogens
prevent pathogen infection
used to treat a bacterial infection
100% effective
Answer:
To prevent a pathogen infection
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Show the importance of the inheritance of how steps in meiosis change chromosomes through one of these processes.
Background: Meiosis is the process used by sexually reproducing organisms and is made up of eight sub-steps or phases. During meiosis, chromosomes can be changed through crossing over and nondisjunction leading to changes in the inherited traits of offspring.
Meiosis is the process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms in the sex cells of male and female organisms.
Variation occurs in an organism due to the process of crossing over which only occurs in meiosis in which the chromosomes between non-sister chromatids exchanged. Meiosis also causes genetic variation due to the process of recombination so in inheritance, meiosis has great importance and impact on the shape and structure of organism.
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Why does Pakistan experience frequent earthquakes?
A It does not experience earthquakes.
B. It lies on a convergent collision plate boundary between India and Eurasia.
C. It is located near many volcanoes and the pressure from the magma buildups causes earthquakes.
D. It lies on a divergent plate boundary between Eurasia and the Middle East.
B is the answer for this question
Significant amounts of phosphorus are found in all locations on Earth except the..
Answer:
Atmosphere
Explanation:
Phosphorus cycle in nature is a unique cycle compared to the other natural biological and chemical cycles such as the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and water cycles, as there is no gaseous phase in the phosphorous cycle. Due to the prevailing atmospheric temperature and pressure which are not appropriate for the formation of gases associated with phosphorus, the compounds in nature where phosphorus can be found are not gases. Phosphorus can therefore be found majorly in sedimentary rocks.
The atmospheric temperature and pressure are incapable of forming phosphorus compounds, Phosphorus has not been found in the atmosphere.
Phosphorus has been the recycled in the atmosphere within the biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. In the nature, the phosphorus has been present in the sedimentary rocks, with the absorption by plants and animals.
The phosphorus cycle has been consisted of the weathering, absorption by plants and animals and return to the lithosphere with the decomposition. Since the atmospheric temperature and pressure are incapable of forming phosphorus compounds, Phosphorus has not been found in the atmosphere.
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Identify the part of the plant where photosynthesis primarily occurs.
Answer:
The part of plant where photosynthesis occurs is in the plant.
Explanation:
it has many layers of cell...and also a pigment called 'chlorophyll' (a molecule which absorbs light) because of which the process starts.
hope this helps you.
Human Population Growth and Overpopulation
Can someone please help me I don't understand what I have to do.
Answer:
all you're trying to do is create a histogram of what has happened in the past and what could happen in the future.
Explanation:
for example and AD you feel the first little bar because it's not more than a billion and its last therefore it would be the zero billion
and then for 1850 you feel to bars because they had 1 billion people so therefore you feel the 0 billion and the 1 billion part
What is conjunctivitis
Answer:
[tex] \underline{ \underline \orange{see \: below}}[/tex]
Explanation:
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation, infection of the conjunctiva. It is the most common ocular disease worldwide.It is characterized by a pink appearance because of subconjuctival blood vessels hemorrhage.
Simply, we can define it as :
Conjunctivitis ( pink eye ) is an inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane ( conjunctiva ) that lines your eyelid and covers the white part of your eyeball.
Pink eye is commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infection , an allergic reaction or in babies.
The most common pink eye symptoms include:
Redness in one or both eyesItchiness in one or both eyesA gritty feeling in one or both eyesHope I helped !
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A surfactant is a chemical that disrupts hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, letting normally hydrophobic things dissolve in water (this is how soap cleans grease!). If I have a bunch of enzymes dissolved in water and I add a surfactant, what will happen to the enzyme structure
Explanation:
A good surfactant is going to have a hydrophilic head and a long hydrophobic tail. As a result, a surfactant molecule contains both an insoluble water (or an oil-soluble component) and a water-soluble component. Surfactant molecules will migrate to the surface of the water, where the insoluble hydrophobic group may extend out of the bulk phase of the water, either into the air or, if the water is mixed with oil, into the oil Phase, while the water-soluble head group remains in the water phase. This alignment and aggregation of surfactant molecules at the surface is intended to alter the surface properties of water at the water / air or water / oil interface.
Algae in the genus Caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have structures similar to stems,leaves,and roots.Reproduction occurs when adults produce sperm and eggs that fuse to form offspring.Each adult Caulerpa consists of just a single cell,however.Which of the following statements is true?
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory that all cells come from preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Answer:
D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Explanation:
This question describes species of algae in the genus, Caulerpa, which is a unicellular organism that possesses structures similar to leaves, stems and roots in plants. It also grows to a length of about 0.5metres. it reproduces sexually by fertilization of gametes (sperm and egg).
According to all these described characteristics of Caulerpa, it's existence is in conformity or accordance with the unified cell theory, which was proposed by three scientists namely: Matthias Scleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow in the 1830's. The three components of the cell theory states that:
1. Cell is the fundamental and basic unit of life existence.
2. All living organisms are composed of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular).
3. All cells come from already preexisting cells.
Hence, based on the components of the cell theory and the life pattern of Caulerpa i.e. Caulerpa is made up of one cell, it is made from the fusion of preexisting parental cells etc. It is consistent with the cell theory.
If everyone on the planet used the same amount of resources as an average American, what percent of the Earth would
need to be used to support everyone?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 150%
D. 200%
Answer:
D. 200%
Explanation:
While Americans constitute the 5% of the world population, they use around the 24% of the world's energy.
Then, if the 100% of the population were like the Americans, we have:
5%*x = 100%
x = 100%/5% = 20
the whole population is 20 times the population of the US, then the total energy used is 20 times the energy used in the US.
Then the energy that the 100% of the population would use is equal to:
20*24% = 480%
So we actually would need like 5 Earths.
The option is 200%
A student places a healthy potted plant and a plastic straw in a closet for two weeks. After two weeks, the student observes that the plant is wilted and brown, while the plastic straw remains the same. The student classifies the plant as living and the plastic straw as nonliving.
What criteria does the student use to classify the plant as living rather than nonliving?
Answer:
Plants need water and sun to create their food source, glucose. When the plant was left in the closet it didn't have access to the sun. One of the requirements of life is that all living things need energy/have a metabolism. Without food the plant eventually died.
What process is similar in function to genetic engineering but different in the mechanism it uses? A. Replication in a bioreactor B. Cellular Respiration C. Breeding for specific traits D. Genetic Calculus
Option C. Breeding for specific traits is a similar process in function to genetic engineering but different in the mechanism it uses.
Genetic engineering refers to the process of using recombinant DNA methodologies to alter the genome of a particular organism and thus obtain the desired characteristics/traits in organisms derived from them. An example of genetic engineering is the use of recombinant DNA methodologies to develop Escherichia coli strains that generate human insulin.Moreover, selective breeding refers to the process aimed at developing organisms with desirable characteristics by choosing parents with these traits in order to cross them and produce offspring with these phenotypic traits.For example, wheat plants with better yields can be obtained by crossing between wheat varieties that exhibit desired phenotypic traits.In conclusion, Option C. Breeding for specific traits has a similar objective that genetic engineering but the mechanism to reach this objective is different.Learn more in:
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Which part of the
upper respiratory
system is designed to
interact with food and
air?
A. larynx
B. nose
C. pharynx
D. trachea
Answer:
C.Pharynx
Explanation:
Climate change is a threat to polar bears and other species that thrive on sea ice. Melting sea ice and changing precipitation patterns impact the bears’ ability to hunt and survive. In the past few decades, the number of polar bears in the Arctic region has dropped considerably. How might humans help to save these species?
Answer:
c.
Explanation:
Breed Polar bears in captivity , and then release them in the colder areas.
The colder the area the less of a chance there would be for the ice to melt fast enough sweeping away the bears shelter.
Climate change is the long-term alteration in weather patterns. It impacts the polar bears of the arctic region that can be saved by breeding them in captivity and then releasing them into their natural habitat.
What is the impact of climate change?Climate change is the pattern of the disturbance in the weather and the temperature condition of the earth and its various places. It is a result of increased global warming caused by pollution.
Climate change affects the oceans and sea by raising their temperature leading to the melting of the ice caps and glaciers. This results in habitat destruction and decreases the population of arctic animals like polar bears.
To increase the population of polar bears, humans can breed them in an artificial environment and then can release them into their natural habitat like the colder places.
Therefore, the population can be increased by breeding.
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How polar bears respond to an unfamilar situation?
Answer:
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Explanation:
While polar bears have shown some ability to adapt to changes in their surroundings – for example, by foraging for food on land – scientists project polar bears will become more food-stressed as sea ice diminishes and populations will decline. ... There are other impacts of climate change on polar bears, too.
Dump out half of the particles. Place your hand tightly over the top and shake the container. Then remove most of the remaining particles, and shake the container again. Compared with the full container, which states of matter do these two models most closely represent? Explain.
Answer:
solid
Explanation:
The two models explained are most closely representing the "solid" state.
As in both the models the techniques used are to separate particles through shaking technique and shaking is efficient gravity separation method which helps in separating solid particles such as while dealing with tungsten and tin.
Hence, the correct answer is "Solid".
Answer:
When the container was half full, the particles had more freedom to move around than they did when the container was full. A half-full container represents a liquid. When the container had only a few particles, they had lot more freedom to move about. So, this model represented a gas.
Explanation:
plato answer