Evolution of decreased virulence would be expected in a no of vertically transmitted parasite.
Virulence is defined by the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in the host . Parasites get transmitted from a parent to its offspring at or before birth, this case is called vertical transmission of parasite.
When , parasites are transmitted by contact from an infected individual to an uninfected individual, in that case the transmission is said to be horizontal. For example ,vertically transmitted can be disease caused by virus or bacteria that is transferred from mother to child .
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1. Evolutionary Theory
Which statement is NOT part of evolutionary
theory?
a All species are related through descent from
common ancestors.
b. Species change over time, sometimes
developing into new species.
c. Species develop traits they need to survive in
their environment.
d. Species have adapted to environmental
changes over billions of years.
Answer: c. Species develop traits they need to survive intheir environment.
what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions spot desmosome hemidesmosome tight junction gap junctions
The arrow points to the spot desmosome structure. The anchoring junctions known as maculae adhaerentes on the spot desmosomes are connected to intermediate filaments.
Where may one find spot desmosomes?Spot desmosomes are seen in great concentrations in between spine-like process connections of said epithelial cells and beneath belt desmosomes throughout junctional complexes in stratified squamous epithelia.
What are desmosomes and what do they do?Desmosomes are important intercellular sticky junctions seen in other tissues and in the basolateral membranes of vascular endothelium. They facilitate direct cell-cell interactions and offer intermediate filament anchoring sites that are crucial for the preservation of tissue architecture.
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which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false? question 6 options: the monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal. monomers serve as building blocks for polymers. monomers are joined together by the process of dehydration / condensation. monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
False statement is option D: monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.
The majority of macromolecules are constructed from single monomers, often known as building blocks. Covalent bonds allow the monomers to join to create polymers, which are bigger molecules. Consequently, monomers produce water molecules. Dehydration synthesis, which literally translates as "to bring together while losing water," is the name for this kind of reaction. Hydrolysis on the contrary means to break down polymers into monomers by putting up water.
Monomers are thus building blocked of polymers joined together by covalent bonds. While hydrolysis reactions typically release energy by breaking bonds, dehydration reactions typically require an energy investment for the formation of new bonds.
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Analyze factors that affect carrying compacity
The factors that affect carrying capacity include the following:
FoodShelterWater etc.What is Carrying capacity?This is an ecological term which refers to the maximum number of individuals of a species that the environment can carry and sustain and is dependent on some factors such as food, shelter etc.
In the case of food, shelter and water , their availability in large proportion means that the number of species which the environment can sustain will be higher due to them having a direct relationship.
In the case of the organisms eating well and having a safe shelter , their reproductive rate will increase which will lead to more number of organisms being present in the environment and will therefore increase the carrying capacity in this scenario.
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On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the diencephalon.
Diencephalon is one component that is located in the back of the forebrain, which component includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and additionally the epithalamus. The diencephalon itself is one in every of the fundamental parts of our mind. Its place is pretty hidden and its length is pretty small, the precise place of this diencephalon is among the hemispheres of the mind and simply above the brainstem.
Despite its small length, the diencephalon performs an crucial function in mind fitness and frame feature due to the fact the diencephalon is the a part of the mind that sends alerts and cooperates with our bodies.
Some of the things managed via way of means of the diencephalon, they may be senses (hearing, seeing, smelling, feeling), frame movements, motor functions, homeostasis, contact notion and so on.
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birds are able to extract more oxygen than mammals from an equal volume of air. which of the statements reflects why birds are able to do so? birds have a greater surface area for diffusion because they have air sacs in addition to lungs. birds have air sacs that enable them to hold their breath for longer, thereby increasing the time for oxygen to diffuse. birds have capillaries that are in close contact with the lungs. birds do not have air mixing in their lungs; air flows in a unidirectional manner across the lung surface for increased diffusion.
Air does not mix in the lungs of birds; instead, it moves unidirectionally over the surface of the lungs to increase diffusion.
Similar to how a bird has air sacs throughout its body. Therefore, these sacs likewise swell when birds inhale air. Additionally, unlike avian lungs, which are static, air sacs are both anterior and posterior in nature. That is, they remain still. Thus, it takes two full cycles of inhaling and exhaling before the oxygenated air is fully utilized. In this instance, the air is held for a longer period of time because of air sacs. They also gain extra right-side space for air diffusion as a result.
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What is true about a carrier of a recessive disorder?
a
The carrier has two copies of the allele and exhibits symptoms.
b
The carrier has one copy of the allele and exhibits symptoms.
c
The carrier has two copies of the allele and does not exhibit symptoms
d
The carrier has one copy of the allele and does not exhibit symptoms.
The carrier of a recessive disorder doesn't show the disease. The carrier has one copy of the allele and doesn't exhibit symptoms. Option d is the correct answer.
What is a recessive disorder?A recessive disorder may be autosomal or sex-linked ( present on X chromosome). A recessive disorder is expressed when two recessive alleles are present . An example is cystic fibrosis.
This is an autosomal recessive disorder. F is a normal allele, while f is diseased. F is dominant, and f is recessive. Normal people have the FF genotype, carriers are heterozygous and have the Ff genotype, and diseased people have the ff genotype. The carrier person won't show any symptoms and will have a single recessive allele.
Hence, the carrier has no symptoms but carries a single recessive allele. Option D is the correct answer.
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The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called.
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called transduction.
Antibiotics are the chemical agents that slow down or cause the complete death of the bacteria. The antibiotics can be used as medication during bacterial diseases. The widely used antibiotics are: penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, etc.
Bacteriophage can be simply called phages. These are the viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating only in bacterial cells. These are not harmful to any other form of living organisms. The genetic material of phages can be either DNA or RNA. Bacteriophages can have varying shapes. The examples of phage is T-even phage.
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what would be the limiting factor for atp production by glycolysis in a strenuously exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?the supply of pyruvatethe supply of adpincreased acidity from lactic acid, causing muscle damagethe supply of nad the supply of co2
In a muscle without lactate dehydrogenase, the availability of NAD+ is what limits the amount of ATP that can be produced through glycolysis.
The molecule that transports energy in an organism's cells is known as adenosine triphosphate.
When lactate dehydrogenase—which is required for converting lactate to energy—is absent from a muscle, the compound NAD+ breaks down energy molecules to create ATP, which is crucial for muscle function.
The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen during the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms experience it.
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the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants is known as
The nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants is known as the endosperm.
The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants following double fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and gives nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also carry oils and protein.
There are three types of endosperm:
Nuclear: Primary endosperm nuclear division and subsequent nuclear divisions do not occur at the same time as the cell wall formation in nuclear endosperms.
Cellular: Nuclear divisions and cell wall development occur simultaneously in cellular endosperms and the endosperm has a cellular shape from the beginning.
Helobial: The cell wall is placed between the first two nuclei in this type of endosperm formation.
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Cell w has half as much dna as cells x, y, & z. Which phase of the cell cycle is cell w in?.
Cell w is in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
If a cell in a mitotically active tissue has half the DNA of the other cells in the tissue, the cell is in G1, which occurs after the M phase and before the S phase, where the DNA will replicate. Mitotically active tissue is tissue that is actively dividing cells, such as the root tip of a plant or a developing embryo.
The DNA is replicated and double the amount of DNA than the mother cell is formed during the S phase of the interphase so that the genetic material is evenly divided between the daughter cells after the division.
Meiosis is a part of the sexual process because gametes (sperm and eggs) have one-half the number of chromosomes as diploid (2N) individuals.
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As you drive along a roadside you and your friend notice a dead deer that apparently was struck by a car. your friend comments that she has never seen a deer so rigid. as a student in forensics how would you describe the rod of the deer
The bacteria in the body feed on the tissue when an organism dies, releasing CO2 into the body is how you should explain to your friend as a forensic student.
Because the abdomen housed the stomach and several visceral organs, it looked to be larger. Because the dead deer was left where it was after being struck by a car for several hours or even days without anyone clearing it, it appeared to be much larger than usual when it was discovered. The internal organs of the dead deer also grew larger than usual as a result of the sun's heat heating them up.
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Question correction:
As you drive along the road, you and your friend notice a dead deer that apparently was struck by a car. Your friend comments that she has never see such a fat deer. As a student of forensic, how would you explain to your friend why the abdominal region of the dead deer was so large?
Answer all please I need it asap
1. A(n) _____________________ transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. In the __________________________, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the _________________________, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. True / False: Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs.
6. True / False: Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis.
1. A(n) electron-carrier molecule transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. The equation for photosynthesis is given below as follows:
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂3. In the light-independent reaction, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the light-dependent reaction, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs is False.
6. Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis is True
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules using the energy of sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
light stage or light-dependent reactiondark stage or light-independent reactionOrganisms that produce their own foods are called autotrophs whereas organisms that depend on already-made food are heterotrophs.
Autotrophs have chloroplasts in their cells whereas heterotrophs lack chloroplasts in their cells.
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true or false? during atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed, and av valves are open
TRUE. During atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed and av valves are open..
The cardiac cycle is accompanied by brief negative deflections in the primarily forward-moving blood in the veins caused by atrial contraction of the heart, which produces pulse waves that are conveyed from the heart into the venous system.
Just before ventricular systole, atrial contraction gives the ventricular volume one more boost. When the pressure in the ventricle surpasses the pressure in the atrium due to ventricular contraction, the mitral valve closes.
The atrial contraction, also known as the atrial kick, is the last stage. It occurs when the cardiac muscle in the atrium contracts, increasing pressure and causing more blood to flow past the mitral valve. 20% to 30% of the total diastolic volume crosses the mitral valve at this final stage.
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During the reaction work up, pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions. Which layer is most dense?.
Using the theories of alkanes, we got aqueous layer is the most dense when pentane is used as an organic solvent.
Alkanes are the series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. These are basically known as saturated hydrocarbons. This group of compounds consists of the carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. Also it comprises a homologous series having a molecular formula of CnH2n+2.
Alkanes are the simplest family of the hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon and hydrogen. Each carbon atom actually forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms one bond
Hence, during the reactions, when pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions, the layer which is most dense is aqueous layer.
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If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, what effect would that have on photosynthesis?.
If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, the effect will be that no photosynthesis would occur.
The antenna complex is the main light capturing system in the plants. It captures the sunlight energy and excitation of electron takes place through it. The complex is actually a collection of the pigment chlorophyll and a few proteins.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by plants in which they use the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce food in the form of sugars and also the by-product oxygen. The process occurs in two phases: light-dependent and light-independent.
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how does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon this way axon affects the activity of a neuron.
Retrograde trophic assistance for growing neurons can interfere with their growth and frequently results in their death. Here, we describe the results of removing retrograde support from the isthmo-optic projection in chick embryos by preventing axoplasmic transport at the terminal sections of the axons, an action that is known to kill the isthmo-optic neurons in the long run. Neuron survival in the isthmo-optic nucleus was reduced even more swiftly. This unique effect persisted at 6 and 9 h after injection, but at longer survival durations, as was expected, the number of dead neurons rose significantly above control levels. According to our understanding of the temporary decrease in neuronal death, retrograde trophic signals contain both life- and death-promoting elements, with the former acting more quickly in this system.
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research has demonstrated that when siblings have similar personalities, this similarity is largely the result of:
Research has demonstrated that siblings have similar personalities, and this similarity is largely the result of: genetics.
What is genetics and how is it important?The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms is termed as genetics. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to evolution of organism.
DNA is responsible for building and maintaining the human structure. Genes are segments of DNA which gives physical characteristics that make you unique and every body has a complete instruction manual that tells your cells how to behave. In humans, genes vary in size that ranges from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
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The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters.
The correct option is c.
The inner portion of an adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla regulates the hormones that start the flight or fight response. Both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have comparable roles, are the primary hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibres stimulate the adrenal medulla, triggering the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The fight-or-flight reaction, fear, mental stress, upright posture, pain, cold, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and other stressors all enhance sympathetic neuronal output.
The complete question is:
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
a. postganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla secrete acetylcholine
b. it has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
c. it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters
d. it is the only structure of the sympathetic division whose preganglionic cell bodies are not in the lateral horns of the spinal
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which of the following statements is true of enzymes? group of answer choices enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. enzyme function is generally independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as ph and temperature. required nonprotein cofactors generally alter the substrate specificity of enzymes. enzyme function is generally increased if the three-dimensional conformation of an enzyme is altered
The correct statement is " enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers".
The activation energy required to change a reactant together into the product is decreased by enzymes. A reaction that might not be catalyzed by an enzyme is shown on the left, and one that is shown on the right. An enzyme would attach to a reactant as well as speed up the conversion of that reactant together into the product inside an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
In human bodies, enzymes work as catalysts to quicken reactions by assisting in the reduction of the activation energy required to initiate a reaction. The active site is a unique location on each enzyme molecule where even the primary structure interacts with the enzyme.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (A)
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small seed that are covered in a biodegradable coating to make seed larger (easier to sow) are called .
Small seed that are covered in a biodegradable coating to make seed larger or easier to sow is called seed pelleting.
Seed pelleting is applying thin layer of filler materials that is biodegradable in nature, on seed surface that increases their weight and changes shape and size of seed. It is done to improve establishment process. Mostly, seed pelleting is done to make small, fine, light and odd shaped seeds into bold, heavy, round and uniform so they can be planted in easy way.
What is meant by term biodegradable?
The term biodegradable is defined as ability of any material to get decomposed by action of microorganism with the help of abiotic factors in an ecosystem. Process of decomposing biodegradable waste is natural and may take time. Example includes food materials, kitchen wastes, paper, manure etc.
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List 2 for each fluid: Specify if each fluid is a liquid or gas and explain why.
1. Home
2. school/work
3. outdoors
The types of fluid include the following below:
1. Home - Liquid soap, oil
2. School/work - Water, nitrogen.
3. Outdoors - Oxygen, water
What is a Fluid?This is referred to as a substance which could be in the form of liquid or gas and is capable of continually flowing when it is subjected to shear stress or external force.
There are different types of fluids such as liquid soap which is used in the home for household chores such as washing and cleaning of materials or surfaces.
Fluids such as oxygen and water are used outdoor in the form of drinking so as to rehydrate the body and ensure that the body system functions optimally.
Fluids such as water and nitrogen can be used at work especially in industries which manufacture manure as it is an important component of chlorophyll which helps to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.
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Answer:
Home: Cooking Oil is used to cook a variety of vegetables/ foods, Water is a basic need to live and we drink it everywhere including our homes.
School: Liquid soap is used for clean windows, floors and sometimes ourselves, Oxygen is also a basic need just like water to live but for breathing.
Outdoors: Engine Oil is a liquid and used to repair cars and Gas is a fuel used to run cars and vehicles
when the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects?
Adrenaline is produced in the medulla by the adrenal glands as well as by some neurons in the central nervous system. During a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the bloodstream, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.
The adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, regulates the hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions. Adrenaline is produced by your adrenal glands and released into your bloodstream. Adrenaline, a hormone produced by your adrenal glands, serves a purpose. It assists you in dealing with dangerous situations by causing temporary changes in your body. As part of the process, your heart rate and breathing rate increase.
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help asap
process of assembling a protein on the basis of the information in an rna molecule
Answer:
Translation
Explanation:
mRNA or messenger RNA connects to RNA to send messages with codons or what you described as information and makes the amino acid because 1 codon = 1 amino acid, tRNA or transfer RNA basically brings those amino acids to the ribosome, ribosome links em together and something called a "stop" codon on the mRNA makes it stop and then release the protein they made :D
explain how a carrier protein can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
Specific chemicals are bound by carrier proteins and transferred on one side of the membrane. The conformational changes they go through next enable the molecule to cross the membrane and exit on the other side.
How carrier protein facilitate the diffusion?
When a molecule diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Contrary to channel proteins, another form of membrane transport protein that is less selective in the molecules it transports, carriers are proteins that move a particular material through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells. Carrier proteins are found in lipid bilayer cell structures such cell membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, just like other membrane transport proteins.
Therefore, carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
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exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis? exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis?
They are involved in disassembly of nuclear envelope.
A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle inside a cellular that incorporates the chromosomes. An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane lets in for the selective passage of sure molecules (which includes proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.
The nucleus is composed of diverse systems namely nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm or nucleus sap nuclear matrix, chromatin and nucleolus. The nuclear membrane paperwork an envelope like structure around the nuclear contents and is normally referred to as a nuclear envelope.
The primary features of the nucleus are to store the mobile's DNA, maintain its integrity, and facilitate its transcription and replication.
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What is one of the most important substances that goes across the cell membrane?
Answer: Water
Explanation: Water passes quite easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot. An important process known as Osmosis is the result.
The diagram below shows how a nerve impulse passing along a relay neurone causes an impulse to be sent along another type of neurone, neurone X.
What type of neurone is neurone X?
The type of neuron that is the X neuron is that it is a motor neuron.
What is a motor neuron?It is a type of neuron located in the peripheral nervous system which will project its axon towards a muscle or towards a gland, therefore it is part of the efferent system. So there are somatic, special visceral and general visceral types.
Motor neurons have as their function the mobility of the tissues to which they go in order to generate different functions. It will carry the information that comes from the descending pathways of the spinal cord.
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rickets is an inherited form of bone disease that is due to an x-linked dominant allele. if a man who has rickets marries and has children with a woman who does not have this disease, what is the probability that their sons and daughters will have the disease?
There is 100% probability of the daughters of having the rickets disease and 0% probability that son’s would inherit the disease.
A lack of vitamin D or calcium is the most common cause of rickets. Vitamin D largely comes from exposing the skin to sunlight, but it's also found in some foods, such as oily fish and eggs. Vitamin D is essential for the formation of strong and healthy bones in children.
In rare cases, children can be born with a genetic form of rickets. It can also develop if another condition affects how vitamins and minerals are absorbed by the body
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the green wavelength is irrelevant to photosynthetic organisms that use chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b because they mainly absorb which two colors of light?
Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb blue and red light wavelengths and reflect green light wavelengths during photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b are the two chlorophyll pigments that are essential for plants to absorb light during photosynthesis. When a pigment exhibits high absorption at a given wavelength, it is capturing that light at that wavelength to produce energy. If there is a low absorption, the plant is reflecting the light back. Chlorophylls a and b both reflect green light while absorbing blue and red light waves. In the violet and red parts, chlorophyll peaks, whereas in the blue and orange regions are where chlorophyll b peaks. In the green area, their absorption is extremely low. Because chlorophyll is a green pigment, leaves that have it as their main pigment are also green. Chlorophyll reflects some yellow wavelengths, but the green color of the leaves is only visible when yellow and deep green wavelengths are combined.
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