Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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why, in the evolution of eukaryotes, might it have been advantageous for separate organisms to become united into a single organism? can you describe analogous, more recently evolved, examples of intimate symbioses that function as a single integrated organism?
one celled eukaryotes emerges from prokaryotes. The organisms after sometime evolved from single-celled eukaryotes are known as multicellular fungi, plants, animals.
Eukaryotes are described as a living thing constitute one or more cells, each one of them has an identical nucleus and the genetic source DNA in shape of chromosomes.
All living organism separated from eubacteria and archaea are described as eukaryotes.
It can also be described as any of the one celled or multicellular organism that have a separate nucleus, enclosed in cell membrane.
The reason for separate organism to become united into a single celled organism is not as considered good compare to multi-celled organism. Having a multi-celled organism, specific cells in his body can perform definite tasks which gives him a rapid execution time of these tasks against to a single-celled organism.
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which of the following types of pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route? select one: a. foodborne pathogens b. vector-borne pathogens c. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route d. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the respiratory-aerosol route e. none of the above
Pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route are Pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route. So the correct option is c.
An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence. Pathogens come in many forms, including bacteria, viruses, and multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes.
The urine tract and the genital tract are the two primary divisions of the urogenital system. Urine is produced, stored, and eliminated by the urinary tract, made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The majority of primary genitourinary infections are sexually transmitted, and common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and bacteria including Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis (herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus).
While vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring, horizontal transmission occurs between members of the same generation.
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the cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the:
The cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the b.
What is Osteocytes ?Osteocytes, which make up 90% to 95% of all bone cells and reside inside the bone matrix, have long been viewed as passive bystander cells in contrast to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whose actions result in bone gain and loss and whose dysfunction results in growth abnormalities and osteoporosis.
What about cells?There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are two different types of cells. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have different shapes (see prokaryote, eukaryote), they are quite similar in terms of their molecular make-up and functions. Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids make up the majority of the molecules in cells. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three components that make up a cell. Intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers and hundreds or even thousands of tiny, unique structures known as organelles can be found in the cytoplasm. The parasitic bacteria Mycoplasma gallicepticum, which inhabits the respiratory, genital, and urinary systems of primates, is thought to be the tiniest known creature capable of autonomous development and reproduction. Mycoplasma is the name of the cell used in the study. It has a 0.0001 mm diameter.A single cell makes up a unicellular creature, also referred to as a single-celled organism, as opposed to a multicellular organism, which is made up of numerous cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are the two broad categories into which all organisms fall.Learn more about cells here:
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what was a crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method? group of answer choices no darkroom required shorter exposure times it allowed multiple copies to be made from a single negative it resulted in sharper images than the competition
Crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method is that it resulted in sharper images than the competition.
Daguerreotypes was an early photographs method on a light-sensitive metal plate coated in crystals. A daguerreotype just needed just twenty minutes exposure. Daguerreotype, produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.
There are advantages of the daguerreotype they produce crystal clear images , It was the first commercially successful photography method in photography history . other disadvantage includes it has a long exposure time, it is expensive, and the cameras are very large.
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, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called
Most viruses will leave a host cell by bursting the cell, a process called lysis, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called budding.
Enveloped viruses generally are released from the host cell by budding. During this process, the virus obtains its envelope, which is a modified piece of the host's plasma or other, internal membrane. Through budding, a bit of the host cell membrane becomes part of the virus.
On the other hand, lysis destroys the host cell. A lytic infection eventually leads to cell lysis, which is accompanied by the freeing of newly produced virus particles and cell debris into the environment. Cell lysis is a common result of viral infection.
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Paul has been sick for several days and has
a fever of 102. A few days ago, he visited
the ER, where the attending physician
diagnosed him with a bacterial infection. It's
been 3 days, but Paul's body has been
unable to fight the infection.
Bloodwork has been completed and lab
results indicate that the vacuoles in Paul's
white blood cells are successfully trapping
the bacteria; however, the organelle
responsible for releasing enzymes that
break down the bacteria's cell walls is not
working properly.
Which organelle
is malfunctioning?
Diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and even normal aging have all been related to dysfunctional mitochondria.
What do the makeup and purposes of mitochondria entail?Cell organelles called mitochondria, which are membrane-bound, generate the majority of a chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (plural: mitochondrion). The chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a little molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What do mitochondria have importance?As the energy generators in almost every human cell (as well as those of animals, plants, and fungi), mitochondria play a crucial part in generating energy to power cellular function and pretty much all of our biological activities.
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Genetic drift is best described as the redistribution of the frequency of gene occurrence in a(n) _______. a. population b. organism c. ecosystem d. disaster please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Genetic drift is best described as the redistribution of the frequency of gene occurrence in a(n) a. population.
In the field of biology, genetic drift can be described as a random event in which the allele frequency for a certain population modifies or changes due to an unexpected event.
A gene frequency that was low might become higher and vice versa as a result of genetic drift.
This shift in allele frequency, referred to as genetic drift, might also cause an allele to completely disappear from a certain population.
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discussing the major body systems on the circulatory system.
The parts of your circulatory system are your: Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body. Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
Circulatory system is made up of the following components: The heart is a muscular organ that circulates blood throughout your body. Blood vessels are made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood, which is composed of red and white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
Your circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to your body's other cells, then collects any waste products produced by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and transports these waste products to your kidneys and lungs for disposal.
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Individual bones within the spinal column are called:
A) Vertebrae
B) Ganglia
Answer:
The answer is A) Vertebrae
Ganglia is incorrect because they are clusters of nerve cell bodies
Explain how the lab demonstrated the energy transformation that occurs within photosynthesis. Make sure you include the following words in your response: photosynthesis, light energy, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and chemcial energy.
In the lab, we can use cells of leaves containing chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts to see how sunlight excites electrons in presence of carbon dioxide and it generates simple carbohydrates (chemical energy) as occur during photosynthesis.
What is the biological pathway of photosynthesis?The biological pathway of photosynthesis refers to a series of chemical reactions by which plants use sunlight (light energy), water and carbon dioxide in order to generate oxygen as a byproduct and chemical energy contained in the bonds of carbohydrates, especially simple carbohydrates such as glucose molecules.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the biological pathway of photosynthesis is known to generate chemical energy in the form of simple carbs such as glucose and saccharose macronutrients which are the result of using the light energy from the sun and carbon dioxide present in the surrounding environment.
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downregualtion of reurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term osychoactive drug use is an example of
Down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term psychoactive drug use is an example of functional tolerance.
Humans and animals acquire tolerance when their brain functions adjust to compensate for the disruption produced by alcohol in both their behavior and physical functioning. This is referred to as functional tolerance.
Functional tolerance enables an individual to function normally when inebriated, concealing their intoxication from others.
It is one of the most common types of tolerance to drugs or alcohol that a person can have.
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Which term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait? Choose the correct answer.
mutated
O haploid for the trait
O homozygous for the trait
heterozygous for the trait
The term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait and is homozygous for the trait. Option B.
The genotype is formed by the combination of alleles that an organism has. If the paired alleles are the same, the organism's genotype is said to be homozygous for that trait, and if they differ the organism's genotype is said to be heterozygous. Homozygosity also refers to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait. An individual can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.
In complete dominance, only one allele of the genotype is present in the phenotype. In codominant cases, both alleles of a genotype are present in the phenotype. In the case of imperfect dominance, the phenotype shows a mixture of genotypic alleles. Homozygous and heterozygous are terms used to describe a pair of alleles. Individuals who have two identical alleles are said to be homozygous. Individual organisms with different alleles are said to be heterozygous.
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which of the following observations tells a scientist that the organism she is observing is a eukaryote? group of answer choices the organism has ribosomes the organism has a membrane bound nucleus the organism is unicellular the organism has a cell membrane
Answer: organism has a membrane bound nucleus.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which has nuclear membrane & in prokaryotic cells DNA is not contained in a membrane bound nucleus it is simply in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.
How can the increase demand on water affect water quality
Answer:
The increase demand on water would cause companies in those industry's to increase there production to keep up with demand. In doing that they would have to filter less of the water in return to produce more water for demand. Making the quality less and less because of this reason.
Explanation:
Which of the following best describes the features of an ocean ridge?
A. Ocean ridges have steep slopes and a crater.
B. Ocean ridges have gentle slopes and only span a small distance.
C. Ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance.
D. Ocean ridges have gentle slopes and a crater.
The correct answer about the best description of ocean ridges characteristics from the options above is:
Ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance.
The answer is option c
What is meant by ocean ridges?Ocean ridges can simply be defined as those submarine mountain chains resulting from the ocean floor rising. That being said, these ocean ridges appear to girdle the earth.
Generally speaking, there are four major types of ocean ridges. These are as follows:
Feacture-zone ridgesSpreading-center ridgesBasaltic-volcanic ridgesIsland arc ridges.In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation above that ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance
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an athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. what is most likely to occur in her cells so that glycolysis can continue to produce atp? responses fermentation fermentation cell-to-cell communication cell-to-cell communication dna synthesis uppercase d n a, synthesis protein synthesis protein synthesis
An athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. Fermentation is most likely to occur in her cells
What is glycolysis?
It is referred to as the “sweet splitting process” since it indicates the conversion of sugars that are sweet to the tongue. Six carbon sugars are transformed into a three carbon sugars. It is at this time of conversion that energy is released. Glycolysis can occur in absence or presence of oxygenBoth fermentation and glycolysis produce ATP, and both are involved in the production of energy and supplying it to cellsWhat is Fermentation?
It is an anaerobic pathway- a common pathway in the majority of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process glucose is partially oxidised to form acids and alcohol.In organisms like yeast, pyruvic acid formed by partial oxidation of glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2). ). This anaerobic condition is called ethanol fermentationIn certain bacteria and animal muscle cells, under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. This is called lactic acid fermentation.Learn more about fermentation at - Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/11554005
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During _____of the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Answer:
interphase
Explanation:
In the cell cycle the longest stage is interphase. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis.
some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions. multiple select question. hydrogen ions calcium ions sodium ions glucose lactate amino acids filtered plasma proteins
The substances that satisfy the requirement are Glucose , amino acids and sodium ions
Water makes up 95 percent of human urine. The remaining components include minor amounts of urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, and phosphate, as well as other ions and molecules.
The substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+ etc., in the filtrate
are reabsorbed actively
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adenosine inhibits other neurons in the brain. specifically, it inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and decreases the effect of dopamine. during the day, adenosine levels rise, and adenosine acts on its receptor to inhibit other neurons. specifically, what effects would caffeine have?
Caffeine prevents adenosine from binding, which results in an increase in dopamine and a shift in perspective as well as less weariness.
The parasympathetic nervous system is affected by caffeine. the main organs, including the brain. Caffeine impacts the activity within the neuron cell as it attaches to the adenosine receptor, it inhibits the adenosine receptor.
Caffeine use frequently causes dilated pupils, tremors, anxiety, restlessness, and irritability, among other physiological consequences.
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you are studying the dna of a person who you know has two defective copies of the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase. you are surprised to find that this person also carries two defective copies of the gene for homogentisic acid oxidase. what disease symptoms will this person exhibit? (assume pathway intermediates are not available from sources outside the phenylalanine breakdown pathway.)
This person will exhibit symptoms of Alkaptonuria
Defective homogentisic acid oxidase gene causes alkaptonuria, and deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase gene causes phenylketonuria.
Due to an incomplete oxidation of tyrosine and phenylalanine caused by the genetic condition known as alkaptonuria, higher levels of homogentisic (or melanic) acid are produced. Ochronosis and phenylketonuria are other names for it.
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What are the primary and secondary sources of energy?
Answer:
Primary energy consists of unconverted or original fuels. Secondary energy includes resources that have been converted or stored. For example, primary energy sources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, flowing water, wind, and solar radiation.
Explanation:
which of these is a feature of most shield volcanoes? broad base, steep sides, violent eruptions, or thick lava?
Answer: Broad Base
Explanation:
why did you resolve your pcr products by electrophoresis and what is the purpose of the molecular weight ruler (ladder)
Since it allows us to separate the bands according to their sizes we resolve our PCR products by electrophoresis.
A series of standards known as a molecular-weight size marker, also known as a DNA ladder or an RNA ladder, is used to determine the general size of a molecule that is run on a gel during electrophoresis. The ladder allows you to determine the size of the unknown fragment by contrasting it to the nearest band in the ladder lane when run alongside an unidentified PCR result in an agarose gel. The effectiveness of the experiment depends on selecting the appropriate electrophoresis products for your nucleic acid analysis procedure. Leading Biology, a reputable provider of bespoke ladders, sells protein, DNA, and RNA markers with pre-determined fragment sizes and concentrations. These can be conducted in polyacrylamide or agarose gels.
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ntraspecific competition among planthoppers . intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. occurs via resources rather than interference. results in reduced survivorship. all the above.
'ntraspecific competition among planthoppers. intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. Occurs via resources rather than interference. Results in reduced survivorship. All the above. All of the choices are correct.
At large population densities, intraspecific competition can be fierce and detrimental to fitness. Low survival rates, sluggish growth, diminished fecundity, and decreased reproductive rates are caused by high population density.
What about intraspecific competition?When members of the same species compete against one another, this is known as intraspecific competition. Depending on the type of competition that exists, each individual within the species will be affected differently by it. Competition in a "contest" might be active or passive and have many effects. Members of the same species may compete with one another for food, shelter, water, and mates in intraspecific competition. Members of various species compete with one another across interspecific boundaries. For instance, various species of predators may engage in competition over the same prey. Pertaining to or occurring within a single species. Because the resource requirements of members of the same species are relatively comparable whereas those of different species are less similar, intraspecific rivalry tends to be more powerful than interspecific competition. One common theory is that intraspecific competition for scarce dietary resources is the reason why the egg yield of the individual parasite declines with population density. Many sea urchins may experience changes in growth, reproduction, and morphometry due to intraspecific competition). Similar results from C. rodgersii experiments show a high degree of plasticity in development and morphology in many habitat types. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both participating species (a -/- interaction). In other words, if the other species didn't exist, each one would thrive more.
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Why isn't there more information about the dangers of sugar?
Answer:
Because the dangers are affecting your body slowly and people realize it many time later
Explanation:
n
6. Even a gene mutation that is a point mutation, meaning it affects
that nucleotide base, can still make a major change
Consider the below information for normal hemoglobin:
ns)
portion of
Hemoglobin DNA
MRNA
AMINO Acids
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a point mutation known as a substitution. Show
what would occur if the first T ("thymine") DNA base in the portion shown above
experienced a mutation with a substitution of A ("adenine").
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin:
CCU-GAC1-GAG
mRNA:
GGA CTC CTC
CCU GAG GAG
Proline-Glutamic Acid-Glutamic Acid
Portion of mutated hemoglobin DNA:
Amino Acids:
Amino acids involved in the sickle cell anemia is Proline-Valine-Glutamic acid.
What is sickle cell anemia?Sickle cell is an inherited disease caused by a defect in a gene. A person will be born with sickle cell disease only if two genes are inherited—one from the mother and one from the father.
Sickle cells that block blood flow to organs deprive the affected organs of blood and oxygen. In sickle cell anemia, blood is also chronically low in oxygen. This lack of oxygen-rich blood can damage nerves and organs, including kidneys, liver and spleen, and can be fatal.
Stem cell or bone marrow transplants are the only cure for sickle cell disease, but they're not done very often because of the significant risks involved. Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow, a spongy tissue found in the centre of some bones.
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Answer:NRNA is
Explanation:
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
if you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would
If you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would slowly erode their chromosome ends.
Telomerase is also known as terminal transferase. Telomerase is an enzyme found inside our cells that may be linked to aging. It caps our DNA strands with short, repetitive "caps." These caps are known as "telomeres." Telomeres protect the chromosome's end from DNA damage or fusion with neighboring chromosomes. When our cells divide, they must replicate their DNA in order for each daughter cell to receive a complete set of operating instructions. However, with each cell division, a small portion of the protective telomeres on the DNA strand are lost. Telomerase is active in gametes and most cancer cells, but is absent or present in very low levels in most somatic cells.
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in which region of the world mudflows are more common
Answer:
Usually in mountainous areas.
What steps does the cell take to speed up the rate of DNA replication?
what type of mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac)?
Transposase gene mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac).
An alternate inside the ordinary DNA series at a specific gene locus. although the time period often has a bad connotation, mutations (which includes polymorphisms) may be harmful, useful, or neutral in their effect on cell feature.
There are 3 sorts of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions, and insertions. 1. Base Substitutions. single base substitutions are known as factor mutations, taking into account the factor mutation Glu -----> Val which causes the sickle-cell disorder. factor mutations are the maximum common form of mutation and there are sorts.
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