Endocytosis is the process by which a virus is taken up by a host cell as a result of the host cell's cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the virion to form a vesicle.
Endocytic machinery, a sophisticated collection of vesicles and proteins, has been developed by cells to ingest substances. In response, certain viruses have learned how to manipulate the cell's endocytic machinery in order to access the cytoplasm or nucleus of the host cell, depending on the virus's chosen method of replication.
Step-by-step processes for endocytic entry of viruses include an attachment to the cell surface, receptor clustering, signaling pathway activation, production of endocytic vesicles and vacuoles, transport of viral payload to endosomal compartments, sorting, as well as escape into the cytosol.
For a virus to begin replicating, its genome must enter the host cells. Most viruses enter cells by endocytosis, while others can directly pierce the plasma membrane and inject their genetic material into the cytoplasm.
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The Opossum, which eats small snakes and berries alike, can fall under which categories within the food web feeding levels? Check all that apply.
A. Producer
B. Primary Consumer
C. Secondary Consumer
D. Tertiary Consumer
Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Answer:
Compared to human cells, there are about _ 10 to 100 times as many______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Explanation:
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In 3 to 5 sentences, describe the relationship between a glucose molecule and the products it makes during cellular respiratio
PLEASE HELP I NEED IT
Answer:
Explanation:
During Cellular Respiration, glucose is broken down into many different pieces turning into pyruvate and releasing electrons. During cellular respiration, this is a process known as glycolysis and takes place in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate then oxidizes (meaning it loses the electrons which produce energy) and turns into acetyl CoA which is used in the Krebs/citric acid cycle.
continental spreading centers include the_ in the us and the_ in africa
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
why is it important to understand that human racial categories (based on skin color) are created from perceptions of phenotypic features and not genotypes?
Race is socially manufactured rather than physiologically determined for this reason. C. Because skeleton measurements, particularly those of the cranium, should be used to identify race D.
What is race to anthropologists?The majority of anthropologists think that racial classification of human populations lacks any biological foundation. 16. The majority of anthropologists think that there is no genetic foundation for racial classification of human groupings.
Why is it difficult to divide humans into races using biological traits?There is no connection between characteristics used to classify people into races (such skin colour) and the preconceptions that go along with them. Geographical and environmental factors gradually affect human populations' genetic makeup through natural selection.
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Plants in different environments have challenges that only they have. For example, the growth of a plant in a rainforest (e.g., an orchid) might be more affected by different things than a plant in a desert (e.g., a succulent). In three to five sentences, compare environmental challenges that could affect the photosynthetic process of a rainforest plant versus a desert plant.
Explanation:
a rainforest plant will have a great number of large green leaves in order to capture the most amount of sunlight that is able to pass through to the lower levels in the rainforest. Also due to the humidity and low wind speed there isn't a high rate of transpiration.
whereas a desert plant where there is high temperatures, low humidity and high wind speed, plants such as cacti have torn as leaves which blocks the stomata in most cases to prevent water loss and to ward off predators, the cacti has roots that allow it to absorb water before it can evaporate
a(n) is a neuron that carries infromation from the external environment or from the body, back to the central nervous system
A sensory neuron is a neuron that carries information from the external environment or from the body, back to the central nervous system.
When you contact a hot surface with your fingertips, your sensory neurons will fire and transmit messages to the rest of your nervous system about the information they have just received. Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. The brain obtains information from sensory neurons thus allowing us to sense, touch, see, smell. The brain interprets the information and sends the instruction back to the muscled using motor neurons and thus allowing us to act accordingly.
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what are the four major groups of mollusks? give examples of each group. which one is distinctly different than the others?
Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum.
Lives in all freshwater and marine environments.
examples - clams, snails, slugs, and squid.
General features of Mollusca -
1. body has 3 parts- head, foot and visceral mass
2. unsegmented body
3. radula for rasping
4. mantle for shell secretions
5. have larva ( marine forms) - trochophore.
The 4 classes of Mollusca are-
1. Polyplacophora
they are elongate or oval, dorsoventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical, marine.
mantle-edge stiffened (called the girdle)
e.g. - chitons, limpets.
2. Gastropoda
muscular foot which is used for "creeping" locomotion
largest group in Mollusca
shell is spiral in shape
e.g.- Haliotis, Pila
3. Bivalvia
Animal with soft body which is protected by a limestone shell.
e.g. - scallops (Pectinidae), oysters (Ostraeidae), pearl oysters
4. Cephalopoda
Are molluscs with large heads, large eyes with grasping tentacles
e.g. - squid, cuttlefish,octopus etc.
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speciation is the divergence of two populations from a common ancestor. how does it contribute to biological diversity?
The diversity we observe today is the result of new adaptations emerging in the survivors of the extinction. The separation of two populations from a common ancestor is known as speciation. Biodiversity is increased by speciation.
Diversity is increased by speciation. The diversity of organisms within an ecosystem is known as biodiversity. It boosts biodiversity because speciation leads to the creation of new species.
The amount of biological diversity is directly inversely correlated with the pace of speciation. This implies that the diversity of a species will increase as speciation increases. Understanding the evolutionary tendency of any species and re-establishing the different bio-diversities already present on earth are both made possible by speciation.
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amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling, and multiple marker screening provide important information about the health of the letus to the parents. this knowledge can help parents prepare for the possible birth of a child with a genetic disorder.
A) why are older women more likely to have these tests performed?
B) do you think there should be any restrictions on their use?
Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis show increased risks in older women because it increases the risks of suffering mutations (a) and this procedure may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion (b).
What are chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis?Chorionic villus sampling (or abbreviated as CVS) and amniocentesis are medical procedures used to determine the risk of genetic disorders in a developing embryo, which is associated with the presence of mutations and therefore they have increased risks in older women who are more prone to have mutations.
It is important to highlight that these procedures (Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis) may increase the risk of abortion.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are diagnostic procedures used to determine the presence of genetic disorders in the developing embryos and they can affect the rate of spontaneous abortion.
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The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the?.
The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the: medial and lateral epicondyles. The lateral epicondyle is placed on the outer side of the elbow.
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?The medial epicondyle is a secondary growth center at our elbow. It first appears around age 6. Then, at the age of 14-17, it fuses to the shaft of the humerus.
Meanwhile, the lateral epicondyles are the unique feature found on long bones that are responsible as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Besides that, epicondyles also serve as a point of attachment for the bone-to-muscle connection.
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if you use distance analysis of morphological traits to build a phylogenetic tree that includes humans (a placental mammal), placental wolves, and marsupial wolves, which two groups would you conclude are most closely related? would the tree be correct?
Which two groups—marsupials and placental wolves—would you say are most closely connected to one another?
What is a phylogenetic example?A unique phylogeny example is the animal phylogenetic tree that shows the history of animal organs. In terms of the history of animal organs, it demonstrates animal phylogeny. Based on the unit level of organization in this sort of graphic, it is possible to determine the evolutionary pattern of the main animal lineages.
Why is phylogenetic analysis used?An in-depth understanding of how species change genetically is provided through phylogenetic analysis. With the aid of phylogenetics, researchers may assess the route an organism took to reach its ancestral origin and forecast potential genetic divergence.
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biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of
Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of true cells.
Biological evolution, sometimes also called organic evolution, is the process by which species (made of living cells) evolved over a long period of time. It mainly resulted from mutation caused by physical, chemical, and biological mutagens.
Chemical evolution is the process that occurs due to changes in the molecules' structures. In this evolution, the biomolecules are subjected to changes in extreme conditions, thus increasing their complexity over time. These molecules interacted with each other, possibly gaining the ability to pass on genetic materials and reproduce, which leads to the origin of life on Earth.
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a fish that has been salt cured develops a reddish slime on its skin. you discover its a species of bacteria decompsong the fish. how could you of bacteria
Numerous bacterial illnesses, including Flavobacterium Columnare, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas, frequently cause fin rot.
What is the cause of fin rot?One of the most avoidable illnesses in aquarium fish is fin and tail rot. Poor water quality is always the main contributor to Fin Rot, but fish stress is also a role. Fish are more prone to Fin and Tail Rot when handled, moved, crowded, or kept alongside fish that are more hostile.
Flavobacterium Columnare: what is its cause?Both overcrowding and cage abrasions are blamed for it. Aquaculture species, particularly catfish, trout, salmon, carp, tilapia, perch, and many aquarium species, as well as wild and ornamental fish, are all affected by the columnaris disease.
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what type of genetic traits do you think are important to study and predict? give an example of a genetic trait that is carefully monitored when two parents are creating an offspring and why it would be important to monitor. bold italic underline
The type of genetic traits that are important to study and predict are those having high heritability such as for example height which is a quantitative trait whose importance is central and they are monitored in breeding programs.
What is a genetic trait having a high level of heritability?A genetic trait having a high level of heritability is those whose variation is mainly due to genetic factors (i.e. genes) instead of environmental factors.
In this regard, it has been shown that height in animals is a quantitative trait mainly affected by genetic conditions rather than environment, thereby it is ideal to be monitored in a breeding program.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that genetic traits have different levels of heritability and the better traits are those with high heritability levels such as height and weight which are key traits in breeding.
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phenotypes that are influenced by the combined effects of both genetic and environmental factors are called
Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors.
What is Phenotypic plasticity?
It is basically defined as the ability of single genotypes to make different phenotypes when they are exposed to various environmental factors. It permits species to keep up with environmental changes (global changes) due to its environmental variability response mechanism.
Phenotypic plasticity is particularly crucial for plants, whose life style requires them to deal with constant ambient changes.
For example: water flea(daphnia) clones which are genetically identical, can have different morphologies depending on whether they were grown in presence or absence of predator.
Therefore, Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors
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once threads form, they stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets. this meshwork is called a .
Fibrin stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork.
The fibrin, an insoluble protein that is created in reaction to bleeding and serves as the main component of the blood clot, is caught in a meshwork that is formed when they adhere to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.
It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains.
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Marine Science Which of the following is essential to the nitrogen cycle?
a. rain
b. plants
c. plankton
d. hurricanes
What is the effect of a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a nonsense mutation in a gene?.
A nonsense mutation will cause the mRNA to end prematurely by adding a stop codon.
A base substitution known as a nonsense mutation results in the codon changing from an in-frame codon to a stop codon. Such a mutation causes translation to end prematurely, which can negatively impact how proteins are made. A DNA change called a nonsense mutation, also known as a stop mutation, results in a protein's premature termination of translation. In both humans and other animals, this type of mutation frequently results in the expression of a truncated or dysfunctional protein.
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How can you use the different states of matter to your advantage when designing a device that lifts a car? What different solids, liquids,and gas might you use in your design?
Answer:
Explanation:
the key difference between solids, liquids, and gas is that solids have a definite shape, liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. Article Sources Author
Anything that has mass is made up of matter – an all-encompassing word for atoms and molecules that make up our physical world. We describe this matter as existing in states (sometimes referred to as phases). Most people are familiar with three states of matter – solids, liquids and gases – but there are two more that are less commonly known but just as important – plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates.
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
To understand a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), you must first know a bit about temperature.
There is a temperature at which molecular motion (therefore everything) stops, this is called absolute zero (0K or around -273°C). Just a fraction above this temperature – and only for some elements – a BEC occurs. The atoms start behaving like little waves and start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and essentially become a superatom. They are not bonded or mixed – they have become indistinguishable from one another, having the same qualities and existing in the same place.
Daniel Kleppner from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a great description. He says the “particles have lost their identity – they all think they are everywhere”. One atom can’t tell itself from another.
Changing states
It is important to understand that matter exists in all states and that matter can also change states. It does this by either using or releasing energy, and it is usually associated with changes in temperature and pressure.
A simple example is water. If you have a block of ice, you have solid water. Add heat (a form of energy) and the ice melts into liquid water that you could drink (it has reached its melting point). Continue to apply heat, and the water will evaporate and turn into steam, which is water in a gaseous state (it has reached boiling point). This works backwards, too. Gas can cool down (by losing energy) and condense back into liquid water and cool down further into a solid. There is even a process called sublimation where a solid can turn straight into a gas when heat is applied.
Gas can also change state to a plasma or BEC:
In plasma TVs, little pockets of gas are excited with electricity disrupting the normal balance of atoms so there are lots of free ions and electrons, turning them into plasma, which creates a light.
If you super cool gas, you get a BEC superatom wave. Warm it up, and the wave will return to a gas.
When the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel, the electricity is turned off
When the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charge molecules day and like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size.
When electric current is passed across the gel, the molecules which are charged move through the gel. One end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end of the gel has a negative charge.
When electric current is applied across the gel ,the movement of these charge particles occur which is called migration. These migrated molecule migrate towards the opposite charges like molecule with negative charge get pulled towards the positive and positive charge get pulled towards the negative.
The gel is made up of permeable matrix ,a bit like sieve structure through which molecules travel when electric current is passed through it.
Thus, when the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
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over 90% of urinary tract infections (utis) are caused by escherichia coli strains. utis are 14 times more common in women than in men. why do you think this is
Urinary tract infections are 14 times more common in women than men because a women's urethra is shorter than a man's. So bacteria can easily enter the urinary bladder.
What are urinary tract infections?
It is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These are mostly caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and bladder which causes inflammation and infection.
Most of the urinary tract infections occur in the lower urinary tract- the bladder and the urethra.
Symptoms of urinary tract infections include:
A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go awayA burning feeling when urinatingUrinating often and small amountsUrine looks cloudyUrine appears red, bright pink that gives signs of blood in urineStrong-smelling urinePelvic pain in womenDrinking plenty of liquids mostly water leads to urinating more often and allowing bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before an infection can begin.
Hence due to the shorter urethra in women than men, Women are at greater risk of infection than men.
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which of the following is a example of facilitated diffusion?
A. plants bringing nutrients into their roots from the soil
B. the sodium-potassium pump actively bringing sodium and potassium into the cell
C. protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell
D. liquid molecules colliding
An example of facilitated diffusion is protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell. So, the correct answer will be option (c).
The type of diffusion where the molecules move or transfer from a higher concentrated region to a lower concentrated region with the help of a carrier agent is generally known as Facilitated diffusion. Since facilitated diffusion is a type of passive diffusion, it does not need or use energy. Factors, such as the size of the molecules, temperature, diffusion distance, concentration, etc., take part in affecting facilitated diffusion. Some more examples of facilitated diffusion include Ion channels, Glucose transporter, Aquaporins, and so on.
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Describe the characteristics and significance of the carbon atom ( organic chemistry )
Answer:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Explanation:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
which rna molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins?
RNA molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins is mRNA or messenger RNA.
mRNA is formed in the nucleus of the cell via the process of transcription during the information from DNA gets encoded in the mRNA molecule. From nucleus the mRNA molecule gets transferred to the cytoplasm where under the control of translation machinery and ribosome it gets translated to protein molecules.
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which is not a sympathetic ganglion? which is not a sympathetic ganglion? superior mesenteric otic inferior mesenteric celiac sacral chain
Not a sympathetic ganglion, celiac disease.
What does being compassionate mean?Used to indicate someone who demonstrates their understanding and concern for the pain of others, especially by their words: Since he also has back issues, he was quite understanding of my situation.
How can you tell if you have sympathy?One can experience anxiety, panic attacks, anxiousness, insomnia, breathing difficulty, palpitations, an inability to relax, an inability to sit still, a jumpy or jittery feeling, poor digestion, afraid, high blood pressure, but instead heart problems, to name a few symptoms of an overactive or dominant the sympathetic nervous system.
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The evolution of Drug-Resistance HIV. Within a few weeks of treatment with drug X, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of X-resistant HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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9. a scientist is trying to classify a new organism. she observes that the organism is a microorganism. it is prokaryotic, and reproduces through binary fission. it was found living in a hydrothermal vent. what is the best classification for the organism?
The organism that is categorized by scientists is called Archaea. Asexual reproduction is the function of binary fission in prokaryotes. The straightforward method by which prokaryotes divide and multiply is known as binary fission.
The earliest single-celled microbes on Earth are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria are among the prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis. Since a prokaryotic cell only has one membrane, all processes take place in the cytoplasm.
Numerous factors, including general similarities, colors, ecological roles, etc., can be used to categories organisms. But it is generally acknowledged that classifying organisms based on their shared evolutionary history provides scientists with the most helpful way to organize biological variety.
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For 201, after reading the lesson, choose and complete one of the labs on pg 8. Be sure to take any and all safety precautions and fill out the entire Lab Report.
Use this link for the Teacher-made Template & Video Walkthrough.
Understanding Energy Transfer & Properties of Water video (she speaks slow, so feel free to increase the speed)
Remember:
Unequally shared Covalent Bonds between the 1 Oxygen and the 2 Hydrogen atoms within a single water molecule create the partially Negative Oxygen side and the partially Positive Hydrogen side. This is how water is a Polar Molecule, which accounts for how the Hydrogen Bonds form between different water molecules, giving water the ability of Cohesion & Surface Tension, while also allowing those charges to tear apart other molecules making water a Universal Solvent.
Important tips:
When writing a Hypothesis, try to turn it into an "If..., then..." statement. It shows that you're making a testable prediction.
Variables. Here's a trick to remembering Independent vs Dependent and what they do since we need to say which is which:Use “DRY MIX”
DRY: D = Dependent, R= Response (what is/ has changed), Y = Y-axis of the graph
MIX: M = Manipulated (What I change as the scientist),I = Independent, X = X-axis
Conclusion: When writing a conclusion, take any question prompts you are given and turn the answers into a paragraph. Note: Always refer back to specific Data.
Answer:
Option (A) is Right Answer
Explanation:
(A) A strong attraction between hydrogen and another atom
A hydrogen bond is a strong attracted between the hydrogen and another atom
A hydrogen bond is an incomplete partial inter molecular bonding between a solitary pair on an electron-rich donor molecule, especially the second-row elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and the anti bonding orbital of a bond between hydrogen (H) and a progressively electronegative
Hydrogen holding is caused by the tendency of certain items in particles to pull in electrons more than their going with molecule
It gives the atom a changeless dipole moment
DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the __________________. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of ______________ during the process called _____________________. During this process, ___________Polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the __________________ from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three letter sequence on the mRNA is called a ______________. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are _____________, ____________, _____________. Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ____________________ to prepare for protein synthesis which is called ___________________. During this process, a ______________ molecule brings the _________________________ to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by ____________________bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its _______________________. When the stop _________________ is reached, the __________________ chain is released into the ______________________.
DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the nucleus. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of mRNA during the process called transcription.
How to illustrate the information?During this process, helicase polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the template codon from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three-letter sequence on the mRNA is called an AUG. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are UAG UGA UAA.
Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ribosome to prepare for protein synthesis which is called translation. During this process, a tRNA molecule brings the amino acid to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by peptide bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its complimentary bases. The protein chain is released into the cytoplasm when the stop is reached.
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