what body system provides active defense against pathogens?

Answer:​ Chromatid

Explanation:

Answer: Chromatid

Explanation: A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has occurred after being replicated in order to assist with preparation for cell division.

Numerical Abnormalities: Monosomy occurs when an individual lacks one of the chromosomes from a pair. Trisomy occurs when an individual has more than two chromosomes rather than a pair.

A missing, additional, or irregular part of chromosomal DNA is referred to as a chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal condition. These can take the form of numerical abnormalities, in which the number of chromosomes is aberrant, or structural abnormalities, in which one or more particular chromosomes are changed.

Previously, chromosomal mutation was defined as a change in a chromosomal section comprising more than one gene. A chromosomal anomaly occurs when there is a mistake in cell division after meiosis or mitosis. Chromosome abnormalities can be found or verified by genetic testing by comparing an individual's karyotype, or complete set of chromosomes, to a typical karyotype for the species.

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A silent mutation, also known as a synonymous mutation, is a genetic variation that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of a protein.

These mutations occur in the coding region of a gene and affect the sequence of nucleotides that make up the genetic code, but do not result in any changes to the amino acid sequence of the protein.The genetic code is made up of sequences of nucleotides called codons, which code for specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 different amino acids. This means that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, which is called redundancy in the genetic code. This redundancy allows for some variations in the DNA sequence without affecting the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A silent mutation occurs when a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence results in a codon that still codes for the same amino acid. For example, the codon GCA codes for the amino acid Alanine, and a silent mutation in the first nucleotide of the codon from G to A will not change the amino acid. It will change the codon to ACA, but it will still code for Alanine. Therefore, this change will not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein, hence the name silent mutation.

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Reflex arc components should be added in the following order: Receptors, Sensory Neurons, Muscle, the Spinal Cord, and Motor Neurons.

The reflex arc is composed of a specific receptor, an afferent nerve fibre, an association neuron, an efferent motor neuron, and an effector organ. The path taken by a nerve impulse during a reflex action is referred to as the reflex arc. When a reflex action occurs, the receptor detects the stimulus. This information is sent to the spinal cord via the sensory/afferent neuron. The spinal cord generates the response rather than transmitting it to the brain. This response is sent to the effector by the motor/efferent neuron, which activates the effector muscles or organs. The response is subsequently given by the effector organ.

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Cellulose is the main substance in the walls of plant cells helping plants to remain stiff and upright but human digestion cannot breakdown.

Polysaccharides are important types of biomolecules. They are lengthy chains of carbohydrate molecules made up of several smaller monosaccharides. These intricate bio-macromolecules serve as a major energy source in animal cells and as a structural component in plant cells. Depending on the kind of monosaccharide, it might be a homopolysaccharide or even a heteropolysaccharide. Polysaccharides can be either a straight chain of monosaccharides referred to as linear polysaccharides or a branched polysaccharide.

Polysaccharides serve as energy storage in organisms. Water cannot enter the molecules due to the existence of numerous hydrogen bonds, making them hydrophobic. They allow for variations in the concentration gradient, which regulates food and water intake by cells. Many polysaccharides generate glycolic.

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The 2 targets of efferent neurons:1. Effect organs – organs that directly respond to signals from the nervous system, such as muscles, glands, and organs.2. Inter neurons – neurons located within the central nervous system that communicate with other neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

What is the nervous ?

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carries signals between the brain and other parts of the body. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many of the body's functions, including movement, breathing, heart rate, digestion, and much more. It is made up of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. The nervous system helps the body respond to both external and internal stimuli and helps regulate many of its activities.

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Deletion in pregnancy refers to an abnormality that happening when a piece of a chromosome is not found.

As long as you alive, your cells will replicate by dividing by chopping up your DNA strands to make them more doable to use. But occasionally, a very litle bit of a chromosome is removed on this process that cause a deletion. The effect of a deletion in pregnancy will influence your baby’s health and development according on its location and size. Some deletions could cause  problems with motor skills, intellectual disability or miscarriage when others do no effect at all.

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What was the first thing Mughal leaders often did once they conquered a place like like

Yes, starch is the storage form of energy in plants. This is because glucose is converted to starch and is stored in amyloplast and chloroplast.

Starch is used as a type of energy storage in plant cells. Two glucose-based polymers called amylose (linear) and amylopectin  (branched) are found in starch.  

Since glucose is the primary reactant in cellular respiration, which cells employ to produce ATP, starch acts as a type of energy storage for the cell. Plants' chloroplasts or amyloplasts store these starches.

The plant hydrolyzes this starch as required to generate glucose.  This glucose in turn will help to generate energy. And energy will be used by the plants for growth and other activities.

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"MUSSELWEAKNESS" could be a possible crossword clue for a seafood soup with poorly prepared mollusks, it is a play on words between "mussel" and "weakness" to indicate that the soup has a problem with the mussels in it.

"MUSSELWEAKNESS" is a crossword clue which is a play on words to indicate that the soup made with mollusks like mussels has a problem, it is not a common phrase, it is used in a specific context of crossword puzzles.

The clue is suggesting that the mussels used in the soup were not prepared properly and therefore it has a weakness or problem.

It's important to notice that consuming poorly prepared mollusks can be dangerous for humans since they can contain harmful bacteria or viruses that can cause food poisoning and other health issues.

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Of all the water that exists on our planet, roughly 97% is saltwater and less than 3% is freshwater. Most of Earth's freshwater is frozen in glaciers, ice caps, or is deep underground in aquifers.

(Hope this helps!)

In the United States, the bacteria and viruses that result in the greatest illnesses, hospitalizations, or fatalities include salmonella, campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, E. coli, listeria, and norovirus.

The main causes of food poisoning are viruses and bacteria. Depending on whether bacteria or virus contaminated the food, different foods will have different signs and symptoms of food poisoning. Always follow the four food safety stages of cleaning, separating, cooking, and chilling to avoid getting sick. Below are more preventative suggestions for many germs and viruses.

The following list of bacteria and viruses includes those that most frequently cause illnesses, hospitalizations, or fatalities in the US: Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, E. coli, Listeria, Norovirus, and Salmonella. Staphylococcus aureus (Staph] Food Poisoning), Shigella, Bacillus cereus, botulism, hepatitis A, staphylococcal [Staph] food poisoning, vibrio species causing vibriosis, etc. are some other significant bacteria and viruses that can cause foodborne sickness.

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Together, the peripheral and central nervous systems react to stimuli in the following order: In order for you to respond effectively to the stimuli, the body part that needs to respond receives a message from the peripheral nervous system.

The general information flow is that sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) receive information, which is subsequently sent to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) for processing.

As a result, synapses develop between the neurons, enabling communication with other neurons or other bodily systems.

The primary purpose of sensory receptors is to provide information about our external or interior environments. They achieve this by sensing inputs in these settings and transmitting them into the nervous system via sensory transduction.

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Answer:

D - organisms

Explanation:

The maintaining of a biological balance or sameness is the meaning of homeostasis,

Homeostasis has become a central unifying concept in physiology and is defined as the self-regulatory process by which an organism can maintain internal stability while adapting to changing external conditions.

In biology, homeostasis is the state of stable internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by a biological system. This is the best state for an organism to function, and several factors, like normal temperature and fluid balance, must be regulated within predetermined parameters.

Homeostasis is involved in all organ systems in the body. Similarly, no organ system of the body works in isolation. Thermoregulation does not occur without at least integumental, neural, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular interactions.

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Cattle egrets forage (feed) in fields among cattle. The egret gets easy access to flying insects stirred up by the cattle, and the cattle don’t care if they are there or not. This is an example of commensalism. The correct option is B.

In biology, commensalism is a connection between members of two different species in which one species uses the other for food or other purposes without causing the other any harm or gaining anything in return.

Long-term biological interactions known as commensalism occur when members of one species benefit while those of the other species suffer neither benefits nor harm.

A symbiotic relationship in which one creature gains and the other suffers is known as parasitism. A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms profit is known as mutualism.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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Your question seems incomplete, missing options are:

A. Mutualism

B. Commensalism

C. Parasitism

The carbohydrate molecule made during photosynthesis is glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar, which is a form of energy for the plant.

Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. During the process of photosynthesis, the chloroplasts in the cells of the plant take in carbon dioxide from the air and combine with water molecules to form glucose and oxygen.

The glucose molecules are then used to form long chains of sugar molecules called polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are used to store energy for the plant or to be broken down further for other metabolic processes.

During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which is then used to build glucose molecules. The glucose molecules are then used as fuel to power the plant’s metabolic processes. Photosynthesis is a crucial process in the life of plants, as it is the only way they can obtain energy. Without it, they would not be able to survive.

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Answer:

look down pls. that was hard. u have to scroll down more

Explanation:

Because they completely rely on the host cell's machinery to make their own copies, viruses can only replicate inside a host cell. Because a virus only exists inside the host cell, it is typically thought of as being non-living.

Viruses are not biological entities. Although viruses are complex assemblages of components, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, they are powerless until they reach a living cell. In the absence of cells, viruses could not reproduce.

Thus, viruses are not considered living things. Viruses do not consume energy when they are outside of a host cell. Only when they come into contact with a host cell do they become active. Once triggered, they produce new viruses using the resources and energy of the host cell.

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Hapten is small foreign molecule that can be added to larger carrier molecule to increase its immunogenicity.

A hapten is a substance that can bind to a specific antibody but does not have antigenicity on its own. When injected directly into animals, many small molecules of Mr 1000, such as toxins, drugs, and hormones, are incapable of eliciting an immune response. As a result, they are not immunogenic on their own and are referred to as haptens.

Haptens are small molecules in immunology that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier, such as a protein; the carrier itself may not elicit an immune response (in general, only large molecules, infectious agents, or insoluble foreign matter can elicit an immune response in the body). Once the body has produced antibodies against a hapten-carrier adduct, the small-molecule hapten may be able to bind to the antibody, but it will not usually initiate an immune response; only the hapten-carrier adduct can do so. Small-molecule haptens can sometimes even inhibit immune response to the hapten-carrier adduct by preventing the adduct from binding to the antibody, a process known as hapten inhibition.

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The type of natural selection that is involved when one species evolves into two species is called allopatric speciation

When a population of a single species physically splits into two or more separate populations that cannot interbreed, allopatric speciation takes place. Even if these separated groups are brought back into physical touch, genetic variations over time may cause them to become infertile. New species may develop as a result of this process.

It happens when populations are physically divided, either by topographical barriers like mountains, rivers, or oceans, or by behavioral barriers like distinct mating seasons or locations.

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Answer: no!!

Explanation:

The stem cells that develop into olfactory neurons are labeled D Basal Cells.

Stem cells, which give rise to all other cells with distinct functions, are the basic units of the body. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells.

Embryos and adult bodily tissues are the two main sources of stem cells. In order to produce stem cells from other types of cells, researchers are also experimenting with genetic "reprogramming" techniques.

The nasal epithelium contains olfactory sensory neurons, which are responsible for detecting and sending information about smells to the brain. This calls for the expression of receptors and signalling molecules unique to these tasks as well as the formation of particular synaptic connections by these neurons inside the olfactory bulb.

Complete question:

The stem cells that develop into olfactory neurons are labeled __________.

a.) A

b.) B.

c.) C

d.) D

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Answer:

A) Substance K is likely an enzyme, and substance L is likely a competitive inhibitor. B) Three ways to increase the rate of reaction include adding more enzyme, increasing the concentration of reactants, and increasing the temperature. C) Substance L likely slowed down the reaction by binding to the active site of the enzyme and preventing the reactants from binding and reacting.

Explanation:

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Based on the laws of thermodynamics, the plant biomass needed to produce 1 kg of eagle biomass is 1000 kg.

Biomass is something that describes the reduced transfer of energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In biomass, each trophic level shows the dry weight of all organisms at that trophic level expressed in grams/m2. Generally, the shape of a biomass pyramid will shrink towards the top, because the energy transfer between trophic levels is not efficient.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can transform, which is called the law of conservation of energy. The second law of thermodynamics says that no energy transformation process occurs 100% efficiently so that every process of using energy there is always some unused energy left (Law of entropy).

So according to the laws of thermodynamics of plant biomass needed to produce eagle biomass is 1000 kg and the flow can be written as follows:

Grains (1000 kg) → mice (100 kg) → snakes (10 kg) → eagles (1 kg)

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As she observed various patterns and designs, Marta developed a claim that water flowing over sand will create a curved arc.

Water has evolved a variety of uses over time. Water has numerous applications, including hydroelectricity generation and a variety of other sources that humans can clearly use wisely.

A flowing stream always flows in different directions, creating patterns and designs for observers to enjoy, giving them a sense of mental peace and self-satisfaction.

A river can be wide and deep, or it can be shallow enough to wade across. A stream, creek, or brook is a flowing body of water smaller than a river. Some rivers flow all year, while others flow only during certain seasons or after heavy rain.

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Starch is present in plants as a storage polysaccharide in the forms of amylose and branching amylopectin. The more highly branched glycogen, sometimes known as "animal starch," is the structurally comparable glucose polymer in animals.

Polysaccharides, also known as polycarbohydrates, are among the most common carbohydrates present in foods. They are polymeric long-chain carbohydrates made up of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds. This carbohydrate may react with water with the help of amylase enzymes, producing component sugars. Their structure varies from linear to very branching. Storage polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and galactogen are examples, as are structural polysaccharides including such cellulose and chitin.

Polysaccharides are frequently extremely diverse, with minor variations in the repeating unit. These macromolecules can have features that differ from the monosaccharide building units depending on their structure. They could be amorphous and even water-insoluble.

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The shark pup inherited one copy of the gene for fin shape from its mother and one copy from its father. That gene combination instructs for proteins that connect in ways that make its fin pointed.

genetic recombination, generally appertained to as inheritable reshuffling, is the cloverleaf of inheritable material between colorful species that produces seed with a medley of rates that are distinct from those of either parent. inheritable recombination that occurs in eukaryotes during meiosis can affect in a unique inheritable makeup that can also be passed down from parents to seed. The maturity of recombination occurs naturally and can be divided into two types intrachromosomal recombination, which happens when two homologous chromosomes cross over, and interchromosomal recombination, which occurs through independent multifariousness of alleles whose loci are on different but homologous chromosomes. For eukaryotes to suffer meiosis, homologous chromosomes must be paired during inheritable recombination.

complete question:

A shark pup has a pointed fin. Its mother also had a pointed fin, but its father had a rounded fin. Which of these statements explains why the shark pup has a pointed fin?

a)The shark pup inherited one copy of the gene for fin shape from its mother and one copy from its father. That gene combination instructs for proteins that connect in ways that make its fin pointed.

b)The shark pup inherited one copy of the gene for fin shape from its mother and one copy from its father. Those genes connect together to make its fin pointed.

c)The shark pup inherited its copies of the gene for fin shape from its mother and not from its father. Those genes connect together to make its fin pointed.

d) The shark pup inherited its copies of the gene for fin shape from its mother and not from its father. Just like its mother’s genes, those genes instruct for proteins that connect in ways that make its fin pointed.

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RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are both nucleic acids that play important roles in the storage and transfer of genetic information within cells.

One key difference between the two is their structure: RNA is typically single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.

RNA is a single-stranded molecule that is composed of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of RNA. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil), a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group. RNA plays a variety of roles in the cell, including serving as a template for protein synthesis and as a regulator of gene expression.DNA, on the other hand, is composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides that are held together by hydrogen bonds.

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. These bases pair up in a specific way, with adenine always pairing with thymine, and cytosine always pairing with guanine. This pairing is known as base pairing and is the foundation of the double helix structure of DNA. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, which is the source of the name deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, function, growth and reproduction of all living organisms.

The double-stranded structure of DNA is often described as the "double helix," a term coined by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for the discovery of the structure of DNA. The double helix structure allows for the stability of the genetic information stored in DNA and also allows for the easy replication of DNA during cell division.

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