What is bacterial infection??

The concept of biological species does not apply to asexual organisms.

The concept is dependent on interbreeding on diverse species , the concept cannot be applied on asexual organism because their reproduction takes place as a result of mutation in their DNA.

Biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not dependent on similarity or appearance. Their  appearance  are useful in identifying species, but it does not define species. On the other hand A single biological species concept based on gene flow is applicable to all cellular form of life .

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It was the endosymbiont theory which suggested that mitochondria and chloroplast were once their own organism. Researchers discovered that the DNA in the mitochondria and plastids of plant cells was unique.

The fact that mitochondria contain their own DNA, cell-independent division, and morphological similarities to alpha-proteobacteria are only a few of the facts that indicate they were once autonomous organisms. Chloroplasts, which resemble small green factories inside plant cells and aid in converting solar energy into sugars, share many characteristics with mitochondria. These chloroplast organelles may have formerly been free-living bacteria, according to the research.

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If the organism has 45% of its carbon-14 compared to the living sample then the fossil is 6555 years old.

Given that,

ln [tex]N_{t}[/tex]= ln N₀ − λt

= ln ([tex]N_{t}[/tex] /  N₀) = − λt

We can the value of  λ using the expression,

λ = 0.693 / [tex]t_{1/2}[/tex]

= 0.693 / 5730

= 1.209 × 10⁻⁴ a⁻¹

Putting in the numbers we get,

ln (45 / 100) = 1.209 × 10⁻⁴ a⁻¹ × t = -0.7985

t = 0.7985 / (1.209 × 10⁻⁴)

t= 6555 years

Hence the sample is 6555 years old.

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An enzymatic weight-gain supplement claims to help users digest all carbohydrates in fruits and vegetables. Cellulase enzyme is present.

Cellulase (systematic name 4—D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of a number of enzymes that catalyse cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose and some related polysaccharides, and is primarily produced by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans.

Endohydrolysis of (14)-D-glucosidic linkages in lichenin, cereal -D-glucan, and cellulose

The term is also applied to any naturally occurring combination or complex of numerous such enzymes that break down cellulosic material sequentially or cooperatively.

Cellulases convert the cellulose molecule into shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, as well as monosaccharides (or "simple sugars") like -glucose. Because it makes a key plant component usable for food and use in chemical reactions, cellulose breakdown has significant economic significance. The 1,4-D-glycosidic bonds in cellulose, hemicellulose, lichenin, and cereal -D-glucans are hydrolyzed in this particular process. Compared to the breakdown of other polysaccharides like starch, the breakdown of cellulose is particularly challenging because the molecules of cellulose bind tightly to one another.

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Alleles may exhibit codominance or incomplete dominance instead of being fully dominant or recessive to one another.

The type of relationship between alleles, with a heterozygote phenotype intermediate between the two homozygote phenotypes, is called incomplete dominance. An example is a hybrid between a homozygous white-flowered plant , homozygous plant with red flowers , a plant with pink flowers would result in offspring.

Codominance, in which both alleles are concurrently expressed in the heterozygote, is closely connected

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All of the following are negative consequences of enhanced greenhouse gas effects except melting glaciers and ice caps as it is a part of a positive feedback loop.

This positive feedback loop, which also actively raises temperatures, especially in the Arctic areas, has a substantial impact on the local ecology.

In comparison to other planets, the earth's temperature is one of its most striking and distinctive features. There are many different biological forms on the globe, and they all survive. The current increase in global warming on Earth is a result of a number of factors, including human activity, industrial waste, and trapped greenhouse gases.

Global warming has caused the ice sheets to begin to melt. As the white snow sheets melt away, the black ocean water, rocks, and flora hidden behind them are more easily seen; this phenomenon is regarded to create a positive feedback loop. Since the ice sheets are white, most of the incident light is reflected when they melt. The local ecology is significantly impacted by this positive feedback loop, which also actively elevates temperatures, particularly in the Arctic regions. Darker ocean water has a tendency to absorb more radiation, which boosts temperatures even more and speeds up global warming.

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The statement that correctly contrasts anabolic and catabolic pathways is: (3) Anabolic pathways are biosynthetic, whereas catabolic pathways are degradative.

Anabolic pathways are biosynthetic that means they are involved in the formation of molecules. The process combines smaller molecules to form large macromolecules. This process usually requires the input of energy. It is a part of metabolic reactions. The example is synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

Catabolic pathways are also a set of metabolic reactions. It is a degradative pathway because it breaks the large macromolecules into smaller units. The pathway usually releases energy. The examples are glycolysis, beta oxidation, etc.

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Pashupati Seal of Harappan civilization from Mohenjo Daro produced stamp seals with images of animals like water buffaloes, tigers, and elephants.

A seal is a tiny, portable artifact that can be fashioned of a variety of materials, including stone, metal, bone or ivory, and various synthetic pastes.

The Pashupati Seal of the Harappan civilization from Mohenjo Daro is the most well-known seal. A seal-shaped figure is in the center, sitting cross-legged, surrounded by various animals, including an elephant, a tiger, a rhino, and a buffalo to its right.

Commercial uses for these seals included making clay tags for sacks that carried goods to various locations and sealing the mouths of jars by pressing the seals against soft clays. These seals were also employed in trading activities.

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Answer:40 weeks

Explanation:

Within 24 hours of fertilization, the zygote (two combined gametes) begins to divide into many cells. Within 8 weeks of pregnancy, the embryo is now a fetus, and the total development time from a zygote to a fully formed fetus is 40 weeks, typically.

Since these organisms are well adapted to the desert, putting them in a tropical rain forest where there is more than enough water for them will have the opposite effect of what would happen if more water were applied: it will have a negative impact.

Any organic, living system that performs as a standalone unit is referred to as an organism. All living things are made up of cells. Taxonomy separates species into protists, bacteria, and archaea, which are unicellular microorganisms, or multicellular animals, plants, and fungi.

A living item is considered an organism if it has an organized structure, is capable of responding to stimuli, can reproduce, grow, and can adapt to its environment. Therefore, every animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism.

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During mitosis, the number of replicated chromosomes contained in the parent cell before two daughter cells are formed is still 12 chromosomes.

The number of chromosomes does not change during mitosis. The phase in which the cell prepares for division is called interphase. If a cell has 12 chromosomes during interphase, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell remains 12 even after mitosis ends.

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Blood flows through a coronary artery that is partially blocked by deposits along the artery wall then blood flow through which part of the artery is the flux largest: flow rate is the same in both parts.

Blood flows through a network of vessels that is called the circulatory system. When blood returns to the heart, it flows to the lungs to receive oxygen. Then the heart pumps the blood out to the rest of body and the process begins again.

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscles which needs oxygen-rich blood to function and oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away.

Coronary arteries receive the maximum blood flow during diastole because this is when the heart is relaxed, and they receive least blood flow during systole because this is when the myocardium contracts are decreasing the blood flow through coronary arteries.

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Urine is created primarily through three processes: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Only waste and extra water are removed from the body thanks to these procedures.

The glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule restores nutrients to your blood and eliminates wastes, in the two-step process by which the nephrons function. Each nephron contains a glomerulus to filter blood and a tubule to return necessary substances to blood while expelling extra waste.

Reabsorption. Reabsorption is the process by which water and other solutes are returned to the plasma from the tubule. Various amounts of water and specific solutes are reabsorbed over the whole length of the renal tubule.

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The taste buds are peripheral sensory organs that have the ability to respond to various sapid chemicals. These organs transmit by synapses between taste cells and primary afferent sensory fibers to afferent nerves. Signals of taste begin as soon as food particles are recognized by the receptor protein on taste bud cells.

What are the different kinds of signaling?

• Paracrine signaling/ short distance signaling

• Autocrine signaling

• Endocrine signaling/ long distance signaling

• And Direct contact

These are the 4 basic kinds of signaling found between cells.

Therefore taste bud signaling would be a short distance signaling as they communication between cells is quick and near.

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The quantity of enzyme-substrate collisions limits the pace of photosynthesis at low temperatures. The rate of photosynthesis rises as a function of temperature because there are more collisions as a result.

Photosynthesis is a specialized enzyme-based process. The enzymes involved in this process operate best at a certain temperature.

Enzymes denature if the temperature rises over the maximum optimal temperature, which slows the rate of photosynthesis.

The rate of photosynthesis grows as the temperature rises, much as other chemical processes.

Enzymes, which regulate photosynthesis, get denatured at high temperatures. The rate of photosynthesis therefore reaches its peak.

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The pancreatic β-cell plays a key role in glucose homeostasis by using secreting insulin, the simplest hormone that is able to lower blood glucose awareness.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

Even as the beta cell produces insulin, the most effective blood glucose-reducing hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. under physiological situations, these mobile kinds have an effect on each other in a paracrine manner.

There are 3 basic styles of hormones: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide. Lipid-derived hormones are structurally much like ldl cholesterol and include steroid hormones which include estradiol and testosterone.

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A particular virus strain is highly effective in activating an immune response. in other words it has a high degree of immunogenicity .

Immunogenicity tells about the capability of a molecules to induce cellular and humoral immune response. Immunogenicity of any  antigen is defined  by four properties these are Foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogenicity .

Proteins and few polysaccharides have immunogenic properties, that allows them to induce humoral immune responses They are chemically more complex also bacteria , have so many different proteins and each different protein have different epitopes.

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1.A 1 ppm level of dissolved oxygen is too low.

2.The oxygen will cross the cell membrane toward the direction of the fish.

3.If oxygen moves from a high concentration to a low concentration across the cell membranes, osmosis is the type of cellular transport that is occurring.

Water molecules diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane during osmosis as they travel along a concentration gradient. Moving a substance up or down a concentration gradient is called active transport.

Osmosis is a type of passive transport where water molecules move from a high water concentration to a low solute concentration or vice versa through a membrane that is impermeable to the solute. Passive transport is referred to as "facilitated diffusion."

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Answer: I think the immune system due to it being an highway for the immune system and is important for it.

Explanation: Yea i think immune possibly.

Answer:

immune would be the correct answer.

Explanation:

plato

Using the concepts of cell ,we got that range is a group of cells that run from left to right and identified by numbers.

Cell, in biology, is basically the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all the living things are composed. A single cell is also  a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells which acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate also with other specialized cells and become building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.

Hence, the group of cells that run from left to right and are identified by numbers is range.

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The expected recombination frequency for two genes located ok different chromosomes would be 50%.

We can inquire "What is the recombination frequency between them" for any two genes (or loci) alpha and beta. Answer would be 50% if the genes are located on distinct chromosomes (independent assortment). Recombination frequency will fall between 0 and 50% if the two genes are located on the same chromosome.

The frequency with which two genes on a chromosome recombine during meiosis is known as the recombination frequency. Recombination occurs relatively seldom when genes on a chromosome are near to one another. The frequency of recombination is 50% when the genes are distant from one another or are located on different chromosomes.

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The atomic number of Uranium is 92.

Uranium is a silvery-white steel chemical element in the periodic desk, with atomic number ninety two. it's miles assigned the chemical image uranium atom has 92 protons and ninety two electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium has the highest atomic weight of all certainly occurring elements.

Normally, the best potential radiation-associated health threat for uranium mining or processing facility people is lung most cancers associated with inhaling uranium decay products, as well as other non-lung-most cancers dangers associated with gamma radiation exposure on-website online.

Uranium is obviously radioactive: Its nucleus is volatile, so the detail is in a constant country of decay, looking for a more solid association. In fact, uranium become the detail that made the invention of radioactivity possible.

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Circulatory systems have different kinds of functions, gaseous exchange, nutrient transportation, and fighting with infection, hence option c,d,g, and h is correct.

Blood arteries within the circulatory system move blood away from and toward the heart. Arteries transport blood away from the heart, and veins transport blood back to the heart.

The circulatory system delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells also while eliminating contaminants such as carbon dioxide.

The heart, blood, and blood arteries each work together to feed the body's cells. Blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs (for exhale) and pulls up oxygen via the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Therefore doing different functions by the circulatory system, hence option c,d,g, and h is correct.

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Answer:

The last one;

hawk--->snake--->rabbit--->grass

Explanation:

Answer:

grass--->Rabbit--->snake--->hawk

Explanation:

the grass is the producer(as it has energy) so the rabbit eats the grass,then the snake eats the rabbit and then the hawk eats the snake

The correct answer is option D.

The cells that attack damaged arteries causing inflammation and decreased blood flow are foam cells.

What are foam cells?

In general, foam cells are also known as macrophages or fatty streaks.

These cells consists of lipids that are eaten by macrophages or white blood cells.

When an invader enters into body, macrophages surround them and engulf them. In this way, these cells are consuming cholesterol which accumulates over time and block the arteries.

to put it simply, foam cells are fluffy macrophages filled with cholesterol. These cells create hindrance in blood flow and cause inflammation in arteries.

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Answer: Polymer

Explanation: It is made of alkenes joining together to form long complex compounds. The process is called polymerization.

Intervertebral discs comprised of fibrocartilage can be found at the symphyses.

Intervertebral discs are discs made of cartilage that function to prevent spinal structures from rubbing against each other and serve as cushions for the spine. Cartilage which is made of dense, clear, bluish-white and very strong material has two types of joints, one of which is the symphysis joint where the bones are connected by flat fibrocartilage discs which remain unhardened throughout life., for example, the intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis which join the pub part of the right and left vertebrae. For this reason, the symphysis joint is often referred to as a fibrocartilaginous joint.  

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The significance of these two base sequences is that both the location of start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

What are the base sequences?

The order of the nucleotides composing the alleles within a DNA or RNA molecule is indicated by a series of bases denoted by a set of five different letters, which is known as a nucleic acid sequence. Sequences are often presented according to convention from the 5' end to the 3' end. The sense strand is used for DNA.

What are bacterial promoters?

Conserved DNA regions called bacterial promoters are crucial for the start of transcription. When we think of the classic paradigm, we typically picture promoters in intergenic areas upstream of genes enlisting RNAP holoenzyme to start transcription in one direction, leading to the production of an mRNA.

Hence the significance of these base sequences is to know the the location of start site and direction of transcription.

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If the pancreas does not have the ability to release insulin and If the insulin released by the pancreas does not correctly bind to the insulin receptors.

When a person has diabetes, their pancreas is either unable to produce any insulin or not enough insulin to control blood sugar levels. The absence of insulin prevents the body from using glucose as a fuel source.

If the pancreas is unable to release insulin or if the insulin it does release fails to properly attach to the insulin receptors. A lack of insulin can result in too much glucose in the blood, which can upset the equilibrium. Your body may create too much insulin, which may lead to a sugar imbalance and low blood sugar levels.

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The endergonic reactions of the cell are proceeded by their coupling with the ATP hydrolysis.

Endergonic means the reactions that requires the input of energy for them to proceed. In these reactions, the free energy is positive. Thus, the Gibb's free energy is said to be positive. Most of the reactions inside the living organisms is endergonic, for example photosynthesis.

ATP hydrolysis is the break down of the phosphate group attached by phospho-anhydride bonds from the triphosphates of adenosine. This breakdown releases very high amounts of energy which can be used to drive some other processes of the living organisms.

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