To convert α-D-glucose to the β-D-glucose, the bond among the C-1 and the hydroxyl on the C-5 should be damaged and the reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration.
To convert the D-glucose to the D-mannose, both the —H or the —OH on C-2 that should be damaged and reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration. Conversion among chair and the conformations does now no longer require a bond the breakage; that is the essential and difference among the configuration and the conformation.
α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose is the instance of an anomers. An Anomer is a saccharide most effective the differs in its shape on the anomeric of the carbon. Anomeric carbon is being the purposeful organization of the carbohydrate, wherein is commonly the carboxyl organization which is connected to it. Epimeres, is fluctuate at most effective the only chiral center, now no longer the anomeric carbon.
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fitting the very long dna strands from a chromosome into the limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling the dna around beads of histones with repeating subunits. these dna-wrapped histones are called:
Fitting the very long DNA strands from a chromosome into the limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling the DNA around beads of histones with repeating subunits. these DNA-wrapped histones are nucleosomes.
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. It consists of a segment of DNA wound around the histone proteins. This structure is often compared to beads on a string. Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of chromatin, higher-order structures of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes. The nucleosome core particle, defined as the DNA-histone octamer, is the basic unit of chromatin.
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Tavon wants to conduct a survey asking parents about their spending habits for their children.
Tavon should adhere to responsible ethical practices in his research. Which one of the following behaviors must be completed?
A. Tavon must record the names and ages of the children.
B. Tavon must pay the parents with money or a gift card for their time.
C. Tavon must see the parents' bank records to make sure they are telling the truth.
D. Tavon must keep the families' names in the study confidential and private.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
A. would infringe on safeguarding and ethical grounds
B. not adhering to ethical guidelines, no guarantee for confidentiality
C. would also infringe on safeguarding and ethical grounds
through what mechanisms does the hypothalamus control the production or release of hormones from the pituitary gland? how do its effects on the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary differ?
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Distinct anterior pituitary cell receptors bind to specific hypothalamus hormones, controlling the release of the hormones those cells generate.Your hypothalamus connects to the anterior pituitary lobe via hormones and the posterior pituitary lobe by nerve impulses via that stalk. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are likewise produced by your hypothalamus, which also instructs your posterior pituitary when to store and release these hormones.The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland. Distinct anterior pituitary cell receptors bind to specific hypothalamus hormones, controlling the release of the hormones those cells generate. Your hypothalamus connects to the anterior pituitary lobe via hormones and the posterior pituitary lobe by nerve impulses via that stalk. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are likewise produced by your hypothalamus, which also instructs your posterior pituitary when to store and release these hormones.It releases several hormones into the bloodstream that function as messengers, carrying signals from the pituitary gland to far-off cells and controlling their activity. For instance, the mammary glands in the breasts are stimulated to create milk by the hormone prolactin, which is produced by the pituitary gland.To know more about hypothalamus
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nmda receptors: a. are found in the hippocampal formation. b. control a sodium ion channel. c. are metabotropic receptors. d. are activated by serotonin. e. are a type of dopamine receptor.
Nmda receptors include metabotropic receptors, which are a subclass of membrane receptors that use signal transduction processes instead of forming an ion channel pore.
How do metabotropic receptors work?Metabotropic receptors are really a subclass of membrane receptors which do not create an ion channel pore but instead use signaling molecules mechanisms, frequently G proteins, to trigger a cascade of intracellular actions via second messenger chemicals.
How do metabotropic receptors function?When a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor, G-proteins are activated. After the receptor is released, the G-protein interacts with ion channels directly or binds to other effector proteins, including such enzymes, to produce intracellular messengers that opens and closes ion channels.
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If a woman is homozygous for red hair and her husband is homozygous for brown hair, what is the probability that they will have a redheaded child?
A. 0%
B 100%
c. 50%
To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to homozygous. Therefore, 0% is the probability that they will have a redheaded child. The correct option is option A.
What is homozygous?Having identical genes for only one attribute is what is meant by being homozygous. Additionally, an allele denotes a single distinct variant of a gene.
Since it is unknown which characteristic is recessive. If we think of brown hair as the dominant characteristic, denoted by R, and red hair as the recessive trait, signified by R. Dad is RR, while mom is RR. All offspring will be heterozygous since they will all be Rr. The likelihood of producing a kid having red hair from either the original parents is thus 0%.
Therefore, 0% is the probability that they will have a redheaded child. The correct option is option A.
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if heterozygous round crossed with homozygous round produce 2400 plant how many plant are pure round
If a heterozygous round plant is crossed with a homozygous round plant then from the 2400 plants produced, 1200 will be pure round plants. Pure round plants are homozygous for the trait.
What are genes?Genes are the units of hereditary information. Genes carry the genetic information about the various characteristics in an organism in the form of sequences of amino acids and nucleotides.
Mendel described in his laws that genes present on DNA carry the genetic information which is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Each gene has a pair of alleles which are responsible for contrasting character such as in case of plant height, two alleles are present from which one is dominant which is tall and the other one if short or dwarf which is recessive.
The number of plants which are pure red = 1/2 of the total plants produced or 50% of the total F1 progeny.
Thus, number of pure round plants = 1/2 × 2400
Number of pure round plants = 1200
Therefore, there will be 1200 pure round plants produced by the cross between heterozygous round plant and homozygous round plant.
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A protein that is found in the Golgi apparatus was synthesized:
a. in the nucleus.
b. on ribosomes located in the smooth ER.
c. on ribosomes bound to the rough ER.
d. on ribosomes located in the chloroplast.
e. on ribosomes located in the cytoplasm..
The Golgi apparatus processes and sorts proteins from the ER for transport to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What are golgi apparatus?Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they are eventually transported to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. As was already mentioned, the Golgi also produces sphingomyelin and glycolipids.
The flattened cisternae and related vesicles make up the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus' cis face is where proteins and lipids from the ER enter, and its trans face is where they leave.
The transport, sorting, and modification of both protein and lipid are the three main tasks performed by the Golgi apparatus, and these tasks are reflected in the protein makeup of the organelle.
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I need help, there are more questions.. but ill post them afterwards.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. biogeochemical cycle, any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term biogeochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of each cycle.
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen cycle
Elements within biogeochemical cycles flow in various forms from the nonliving (abiotic) components of the biosphere to the living (biotic) components and back. In order for the living components of a major ecosystem (e.g., a lake or a forest) to survive, all the chemical elements that make up living cells must be recycled continuously. Each biogeochemical cycle can be considered as having a reservoir (nutrient) pool—a larger, slow-moving, usually abiotic portion—and an exchange (cycling) pool—a smaller but more-active portion concerned with the rapid exchange between the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem.
2. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
case study review the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. how is fertilizer runoff related to algal blooms?
Fertilizer runoff leads to excess nutrient and promotes algal blooms. The major nutrient responsible for algal bloom is nitrogen and phosphorus.
Nutrient pollution, or an excess of the vital plant nutrients phosphorous and nitrogen, is what can cause blooms. These substances enter rivers through a variety of pathways, including point sources (such as industrial and wastewater treatment plant discharges), nonpoint sources (such as septic tanks and stormwater runoff from cities, farms, and residential areas), and nutrient-rich rainfall. The ideal triad of temperature, sunlight, and low flow can cause an algal bloom when the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in a body of water rise. Although nitrogen and phosphorus are present in nature and are vital plant nutrients, an excess of these nutrients can lead to serious ecological imbalances in a water body, with blooms as one symptom.
Stormwater ponds in Florida frequently have large populations of algae during the warmer months. The purpose of stormwater facilities is to collect polluted runoff. The ponds aid in the removal of sediment and nutrients before these pollutants enter sensitive waterways.
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which of the following occurrences describes how recombination between linked genes comes about? group of answer choices independent assortment sometimes fails. nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then rejoin with one another. linked genes travel together at anaphase. crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
Linked genes move along at the same anaphase.
Genes that are near to one another on the same chromosome are linked and move through meiosis together. As a result, related genes do not assort separately.
The genes are positioned near together if the recombination frequency is low; however, if it is high, the genes are spread out.
Every trait is inherited independently of every other trait, according to Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
The genes independently assort if they are situated on various chromosomes.
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Flow of filtrate through the tubules is elevated. Complete the following statements to indicate the effectS Of IS T re than once, or not at all. G and drop the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Words may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate
releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule
vasoconstricting When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the concentration of sodium chloride remaining in the filtrate
not releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the macula densa responds by vasoconstrictors
increases When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the afferent arteriole responds by
vasodilating
Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule.
The nephron, a functional unit of the kidney, is made up of structures called renal tubules. Nephron functions include controlling the balance of water and body electrolytes, reabsorption of glomerular filtrate, and secretion of waste products. The majority of reabsorption takes place in the proximal contoured tubule of the renal tubules. Electrolyte equilibrium is affected by Henle's handling. Distal contoured tubule in charge of secreting chemicals for elimination.99% of the glomerular filtrate can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Since the tube flow is dependent on the rate of glomerular filtrate, which is roughly 120 millilitres per minute, an increase in glomerular filtrate will result in an increase in both the amount of filtered fluid flowing and the amount that flows.
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A motorcycle is moving at a constant speed of 40 km/h. How long does it 1
take the motorcycle to travel a distance of 8 km?
Your answer
Calculating with the definition of speed, it will take the motorcycle 0.2 h (12 minutes) to travel a distance of 8 km.
First, you have to know that speed is a measurement quantity that explains the relationship between the distance travelled by an motorcycle in the given case. Thus the speed is linked with the change of position of motorcycle in distance within a definite amount of time.
The speed can be calculated using the following formula;
In the given case;
speed= 40
distance travelled= 8 km
time= ?
Putting this into the definition of speed:
solution;
40 × time= 8 km
time= 8 km÷ 40
time= 0.2 h= 12 minutes (because, 1 h=60 minutes)
If we conclude, it will take the motorcycle 0.2 hr (12 minutes) to travel a distance of 8 km.
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Patrick offered a house for sale to Peter, who agreed to buy at the stated price. Peter was however under the impression that the land on which it stood was a part the deal. Patrick gave peter the title deed for the house but not the land. Peter took Patrick to court. what was likely outcome of the case???????
Answer: it depends on what was on the contract for the sale peter should've asked Patrick if the land was included if Patrick didn't have it put in the contract for the land to also be sold then peter waisted his time and money
Explanation:
a lineage of fossil mammals shows unusual stability over time for size. modeling and statistical analysis rule out genetic drift as an explanation for the pattern. what is the most likely cause for this pattern?
The most likely cause for this pattern is stabilizing selection. When the population stabilizes on a given characteristic value and genetic variation declines, stabilizing selection takes place.
Stabilizing selection is a kind of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a specific non-extreme trait value. Because most qualities don't seem to change significantly over time, this is regarded to be natural selection's most frequent mode of operation.
High and low birth weights are associated with decreased survival in both males and females, making birth weight a classic example of a feature that is subject to strong stabilizing selection.
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complex structures like supramolecular systems and organelles are formed from macromolecules through the process of
The method by which organelles and other complex structures like systems are created.
Which organelle is the most important?The nuclear is arguably the most significant cellular organelle. In fact, the mere existence of a core is seen to be one of a eukaryotic cell's distinguishing characteristics. Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely.
What are functions of organelle?Cytosolic components known as organelles perform tasks required to keep the cell's homeostasis in check. They have a part in a variety of functions, including the production of proteins and secretions, the elimination of toxins, and the interpretation of outside signals.
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in the control sample histogram, does the population of cells in the s phase show a distinct peak? why or why not?
No, As the S phase develops, the amount of DNA in each cell varies, giving the S phase cells a variety.
What about histogram?A histogram is a graphic representation of data that uses bars of various heights.A histogram's bars divide numbers into ranges.More data falls inside that range, as shown by taller bars.The form and distribution of continuous sample data are shown in a histogram. It is used to display summaries of discrete or continuous data that have been interval-scaled. It is frequently used to conveniently depict the main characteristics of the data distribution. While bar charts show categorical variables, histograms show quantitative or numerical data. The majority of the time, a histogram's numerical data will be continuous (having infinite values).It would be impossible to show every potential value of a continuous variable along an axis. A collection of rectangles with bases and the spaces between class boundaries can be referred to as a histogram. Each rectangular bar represents some type of data, and every rectangle is next to another. Rectangle heights are inversely correlated with matching frequencies for both similar and dissimilar groups. Large amounts of data as well as the frequency of the data values can be seen in histograms. A histogram can be used to find the data's median and distribution. It might also highlight any anomalies.Learn more about histogram here:
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19.in the context of molecular genetics, how does one reconcile the terms overlapping genes and nonoverlapping code?
A DNA sequence can contain many gene products (overlapping genes), but no one nucleotide can be used by more than one codon at a period (i.e., genetic code is non overlapping).
What does mean by overlapping?1: to cross or surpass and encompass a portion of There are gaps between the roof shingles. 2: to share a characteristic with the baseball season, which begins in September and ends with the football season. unchanging verb. 1: to partially occupy the same space The two towns are adjacent.
What is overlapping explain their types?The overlapping orbitals sigma () and pi () are of two different sorts. Two orbital angular momentum, one on each atom, that overlap to produce both bonds.
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undifferentiated blood cell: a.hematopoietic stem cell b.thrombocyte c.lymphocyte d.segmented cell e.granulocyte
Undifferentiated blood cells are hematopoietic stem cells.
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the sole type of cell that makes up the mammalian blood system, which is composed of more than ten distinct mature cell types.
Undifferentiated and multipotent, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the potential to transform into any and all blood cells, including lymphoid- and myeloid-lineage cells.HSCs can be found in a variety of organs, including umbilical cord blood (UCB), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB). Functional maturation of a small population of multipotent HSCs that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation is the process by which all blood cell lineages are created.
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which lead reciprocal views may show heart injury of the inferior wall of the left ventricle when the normal lead views from leads ii, iii, and avf may show no injury?
When lead images from leads I and a VL lead are taken reciprocally, a left ventricular damage to the inferior wall of the heart injury may be visible.
What is the duration of a chest injury?Your type of damage and the severity of your wound will determine how much pain you experience and how long it might continue. In general, it takes roughly 4-6 weeks for cracked ribs and sternums to heal, and it is common to still experience some discomfort after this time. Healing from bruises can take two to four weeks.
When a chest injury becomes serious ?Significant chest damage when pain or breathing problems appear right away after an injury, the lungs, heart, or blood vessels inside the chest may have been harmed. Other symptoms, such as extreme breathlessness or shock-related symptoms, frequently appear suddenly.
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175,000 kcal/m2/yr , and the plant respiration is estimated to be 115,000kcal/m2/yr . what is the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis for this ecosystem?
The total energy exchanged during photosynthesis for this environment is 290,000 cal/m2/yr.
The term "net primary productivity" refers to the amount of energy retained by an environment's biomass when energy is released for metabolism and maintenance. Net primary productivity, as opposed to gross primary productivity, refers to the total energy input into the ecosystem before taking into account energy loss.
Net primary productivity (NPP) is calculated mathematically as Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - Respiration.
NPP = 175,000 cal/m2/yr for the pine forest, and respiration = 115,000 cal/m2/yr, hence GPP = 175,000 + 115,000 = 290,000 cal/m2/yr.
Therefore, 290,000 cal/m2/yr of energy is transported throughout photosynthesis for the environment as a whole.
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Consider the individuals shaded in green in the diagram.
What kind of allele results in the trait the individuals are expressing?
Answer:
Dominant allele is resulted in the trait
condition associated with sideropenia, causing deficient production of hemoglobin: a.iron deficiency anemia b.pernicious anemia c.hemolytic anemia d.thalassemia e.aplastic anemia
Condition associated with sideropenia, causing deficient production of hemoglobin "aplastic anemia".
People having pernicious anemia frequently have extremely low hemoglobin levels but little hemoglobin-related symptoms, like exhaustion. Additionally, they can have low numbers of platelets, which are necessary to clot blood as well as stop bleeding, and white blood cells, which are crucial in fighting infections.
Megaloblastic anaemia can have a variety of reasons, but the most frequent one in children is a folic acid or vitamin B-12 deficiency. These are some additional sources of megaloblastic anaemia: intestinal ailments Megaloblastic anaemia can be caused by specific lower digestive tract illnesses.
Therefore, the correct answer will be (e)
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the continental margins of the east and west cost of the united states are very different. Are there tectonic differences?
The west coast is considered the active margin where earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are formed whereas the Eastern Seaboard is a passive margin.
What continental margin is the western United States?Continental margins commonly fall into two classes: "active" and "passive." The West Coast of the United States is an active margin that is distinguished by rugged coastlines with narrow beaches and steep sea cliffs. The continental margin of western North America is close to a set of plate boundaries. There are convergent boundaries, like where there is diminution off of the Pacific Northwest. There is a transform boundary that is present in the San Andreas Fault. The “Pacific Ocean” is marked by the active continental margins which are mainly the narrow tectonically active areas related to the volcanoes,
So we can conclude that a continental margin is the outer edge of continental crust abutting oceanic crust under coastal waters.
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a new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. the hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acids. how should this hormone be classified?
Hormonal transport, because some hormones are water soluble, they can move around freely in the circulation (hydrophilic). Since the steroid hormones are fat soluble and hydrophobic, transport proteins must bind to and move them (like albumin and globulins which are blood proteins produced by the liver).
The membrane is permeable to hydrophobic hormones, which allow them to diffuse through and engage with an intracellular receptor. Contrarily, hydrophilic hormones need to engage cell membrane receptors in order to function. These are frequently linked to a G protein, which is activated as soon as the hormone binds the receptor.Our brain's pituitary gland produces growth hormone, which controls how tall we get, how long our bones get, and how big our muscles get.
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inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and chemical potential energy. outputs of cellular respiration are: group of answer choices water, glucose, and sucrose. carbon dioxide, water, and atp. carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. water and energy in the form of adp.
The output of the cellular respiration are Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Cell respiration is a sequence of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to provide ATP, which may be used as power to strength many reactions at some point of the frame. There are 3 major steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is the manner that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to interrupt down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release power in the form of ATP. This procedure releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
There are two sorts of mobile breathing (see mobile breathing concept): aerobic and anaerobic. One happens inside the presence of oxygen (cardio), and one happens inside the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). both begin with glycolysis - the splitting of glucose.
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if your skin and the whites of your eyes appear yellow, what is not being excreted? group of answer choices globin chains biocarbonate ion carbon dioxide heme carbonic acid
Heme group is not being excreted. This is the reason for skin and white of eyes to turn yellow.
In vitro and in vivo, TinIV-protoporphyrin IX (Sn-protoporphyrin) potently inhibits heme breakdown to bilirubin. In experimental animals, including primates, it totally controls neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Additionally, it lowers plasma bilirubin levels in several types of induced or naturally occurring jaundice in both humans and animals.
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A) what is the gender of the individual?
B) could this be the karyotype of a human sperm cell? Explain you reasoning.
C) what evidence is there of non-disjunction
A karyotype is the chromosomic dotation of an individual. It is a representation of all the chromosomes present in a cell. A) The individual is a male. B) This si not the karyotype of a sperm cell. C) A trisomy in pair 16 is evidence of non-disjunction.
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a term used to refer to the complete set of an individual's chromosomes. It refers to the total number of chromosomes found in each individual cell. The karyotype is the individual's chromosomic dotation.
Each species has its own karyotype because the number of chromosomes per species might vary. For instance,
The karyotype of human beings is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. The karyotype of Drosophila melanogaster is composed of 4 pairs of chromosomes.
Whenever there is affection, karyotypes might vary among individuals of the same species. For example, people affected by Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes in pair 21 because of a chromosomic segregation failure during meiosis.
The karyotype concept can also be used to refer to clinical diagnosis.
When looking at the exposed karyotype, we can say that,
A) The individual is a male because there is an X and a Y chromosome.
B) This is a human being's karyotype but does not belong to a sperm cell.
Let us remember that sperm cells are gametes, and gametes are haploid. The number of chromosomes found in gametes is 23.
This karyotype represents a diploid cell with 44 autosomes and 2 sexual chromosomes aligned and paired with their homologous chromosome.
C) There is a trisomy in what should be pair 16. There are three chromosomes instead of two. This fact is evidence of a failure in homologous chromosome segregation during the anaphase of meiosis (non-disjunction).
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when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) develops. a) autoimmune disease b) immunodeficiency disease c) allergic response d) cross-reaction e) agglutination reaction
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues develops an autoimmune disease.
When the body's natural defense system can't distinguish between your cells and alien cells, it develops an autoimmune illness and unintentionally attacks healthy cells. Autoimmune illnesses come in more than 80 different varieties and affect many different body parts.
Fundamentally, autoimmune illness develops when the immune system, one of the body's natural defenses, attacks healthy tissue. There are various theories among researchers as to why this occurs. The immune system activates and launches an attack when the body detects a virus or infection as a threat.
More than 80 autoimmune illnesses afflict over 4% of the world's population, the most prevalent of which are type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease.
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when a vector that employs the lac z gene as a second marker is used in a cloning experiment, bacteria that harbor the recombinant dna will give rise to a. red colonies. b. blue colonies. c. all of the choices are correct. d. white colonies. 0.2 points
Bacteria that harbor the recombinant DNA will give rise to white colonies. Thus, option D is correct.
Bacteria develop on strong media as colonies. A colony is characterized as an obvious mass of microorganisms all beginning from a single mother cell, in this manner a colony constitutes a clone of microbes all hereditarily alike.
In the recognizable proof of microbes and organisms, much weight is put on how the life form develops in or on media. This workout will assist you to distinguish the social characteristics of a bacterium on an agar plate - called colony morphology.
Plasmids that are commonly utilized in quality cloning are around 3000 nucleotide sets in length, have an ampicillin resistance quality, and have a quality that encodes the protein beta-galactosidase.
The quality encoding this chemical is called the LacZ or blue color quality. The beta-galactosidase chemical will utilize galactose sugar as a substrate.
In case an uncommon form of this sugar called X-gal is put within the media, a flawless thing happens interior the microbes that have the blue color quality.
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the human bacterial pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae contains pilin, proteins that invoke an immune response. the amount of the pathogen eventually declines when the host antibodies recognize the pilin. however, the pathogen has replicated and have new pilin, so the old immune response is no longer effecive. this pathogen is successful in the host because:
Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of evading host immune defenses through a variety of mechanisms, including ongoing alterations in the antigenic structure of its surface, resistance to complement-mediated bacteriolysis, and perhaps the synthesis of IgA1 protease.
The effects of gonorrhea on the body?The body may use inflammatory cells like neutrophils to fight off NG invasion in the case of a gonococcal infection, or it may start its adaptive immune response by presenting an antigen to get rid of the pathogen. The infection is challenging to eradicate due to NG's numerous immune escape strategies.
Can you become resistant to gonorrhea?It is generally known that gonorrhea can be contracted repeatedly without any visible development of a protective immunity due to prior infections. A purulent discharge is a sign of symptomatic infection, but it is unclear how the host will react.
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