Glutamate is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter.
Mechanism of action:
The neurons use neurotransmitters to interact with one other and their target tissues during the synaptic transmission process (neurotransmission). Nerve endings synthesise neurotransmitters, which are then released from them into the synaptic cleft. From there, receptor proteins in the cellular membrane of the target tissue bind to neurotransmitters. As a result, the target tissue is stimulated, blocked, or otherwise functionally altered.
More than 40 neurotransmitters found in the human neurological system, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, and histamine are some of the most significant.
Major excitatory neurotransmitter are
Acetylcholine and Glutamate (ACh) Histamine Dopamine (DA) Noradrenaline (NAd), also known as norepinephrine (NE), Adrenaline (Ad), also known as (Epi)To know more about neurotransmitter click here
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The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of individuals to ______________.
The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of two individuals to successfully produce viable, fertile offspring.
The Biological Species Concept defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
According to that concept, a species' integrity is maintained by interbreeding within a species as well as by reproductive barriers between organisms in different species.
The biological species concept (BSC) was designed to aid understanding of biological diversity, particularly the ubiquitous observation that sexually reproducing organisms exist in more or less distinct phenotypic and genetic clusters rather than in a continuum of forms.
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Which three factors limit descriptive and comparative investigations? A. The features of objects that you cannot see B. The amount of time or money required C. The way you must write hypotheses D. The number of variables you can have E. The number of observations you can make
Three factors which limit descriptive and comparative investigations are:
The way you must write hypothesesThe number of observations you can makeThe amount of time or money requiredWhat are scientific investigations?Scientific investigation simply refers to a plan or way of making scientific enquires, testing and confirming possible results
So therefore, the amount of time or money required is one of the limitations of scientific research
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Atrial repolarization occurs during ventricular depolarization and, consequently, would be viewed on an electrocardiogram (if it was visible) during?
During the QRS complex.
What are the components of an ECG?A graph that documents the electrical activity of the myocardium throughout a cardiac cycle is known as an ECG (electrocardiogram). The P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave are the three waves that make up an ECG. P waves indicate atrial systole and atrial depolarization. The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles followed by the activation of the Purkinje fibers. T waves signify the ventricles' repolarization. It indicates ventricular diastole and ventricular myocardial relaxation.
Refer to the image attached for a standard ECG graph.
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respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
Respirations rate is 12-18 breaths per minute.
RespirationsA person's breathing and the entry and exit of air from the lungs are referred to as respiration. The respiratory system eliminates waste products like carbon dioxide and serves to keep the acid-base balance in the body by supplying oxygen to bodily tissues for cellular respiration. Expiration, on the other hand, is the process through which air leaves the lungs. Inspiration causes air to enter the lungs. When measuring respiratory rate, a respiratory cycle is referred to as one breath or one inspiration followed by one exhalation. Rate, rhythm, and quality of respiration are all evaluated. An individual usually breathes quietly and with ease.
respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
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An autoimmune disease could result when Group of answer choices bacteria severely damage the B and T cells of the immune system. cancer creates an imbalance in the immune system. the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells. a virus such as HIV destroys the immune system.
An autoimmune disease could result when the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells; option C.
What are autoimmune diseases?Autoimmune diseases are diseases which occurs as a result of the body's own immune system recognizing the bod cells and tissues as foreign.
The body's immune system produces produces proteins which are known as autoantibodies which attack and destroy the body tissues and organs.
Autoimmune diseases usually have no cure but can be managed by relieving of the symptoms and by suppressing the immune system.
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
Systemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemia.Reactive arthritis.Rheumatoid arthritis.In conclusion, autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own body cells, tissues and organs.
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A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is:
A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is 42%.
What is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?Hardy Weinberg law states that,
“In a large, random-mating population, the genotype and allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of any evolutionary influences from one to another generation. Influences are inclusive of a choice of mate, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, sexual selection, gene flow, genetic hitchhiking, founder effect, meiotic drive, population bottleneck, inbreeding and assortative mating.”
Application of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a mathematical criterion of a population that is non-evolving which can be compared to evolving populations. The law offers a prototype which is typically used as a point of origination to study the population genetics of diploid entities, which fulfil the fundamental assumption of random mating, large population, no mutation, migration or selection.Allele frequencies can be detected in the presence of complete dominance when Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium prevails wherein it is not possible to differentiate between two genotypes.To learn more about Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
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Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in order for the body to function properly are called?
Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in order for the body to function properly are called essential amino acids.
The body is unable to produce essential amino acids. They must therefore originate from food. Organic substances known as amino acids are primarily made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.Twenty distinct amino acids are required by your body for growth and optimal operation. Despite the fact that all 20 of these are crucial for your health, just nine are considered essential.These include valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine.While your body may produce non-essential amino acids, it is unable to produce essential amino acids; therefore, you must obtain them through diet.Animal proteins including meat, eggs, and poultry are the richest providers of necessary amino acids.But some plant meals, such edamame and tofu made from soy, do contain all nine essential amino acids. They are "complete" sources of protein.
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Red-green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a son with colorblindness. Given this information, the genotypes of the parents are ________.
(ii) The number and size of the Golgi apparatus in the maize cell increases during
one stage of the cell cycle.
In which stage of the cell cycle would the number and size of the Golgi
apparatus increase?
Answer:
Explanation:
Golgi protein levels increase during interphase. The Golgi apparatus, like other organelles, is thought to double in size or number prior to equal partitioning between daughter cells (2).
For bacteria that sporulate, what is the point of sporulation? microbiology
Answer:
Sporulation. Sporulation is a drastic response undertaken by some bacteria, mostly Firmicutes, in response to extreme stress. During sporulation, the growing cell (also referred to as a vegetative cell) will forego normal cellular division to instead form an endospore.
To give birth to her infant, a woman is asked to push with contractions. which pushing technique is the most effective and safest?
While giving birth to her infant during labor, the safest and the most effective pushing technique taught to a woman during contractions is grasping knees, head elevated and breathing out.
During labor, it is very important for the mother to keep breathing. If she holds her breath, it will put pressure on the vena cava and lead to a reduction in the blood return. The head is kept elevated and the back is rounded which aids the abdominal muscles to help the uterus to push the baby out. Grasping the knees also helps in pushing and encouraging the movement of the infant outside the body.
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I WILL MARK U BRAINLIEST IF U ANSWER THIS QUESTION!
Cold-blooded animals, such as frogs, are able to deliver blood to their cells once their bodies
warm up. Predict what time of day you think frogs are likely to be most active.
Answer:
Morning or night
Explanation:
Depending on what time of day is the coolest, cold-blooded animals will be more active during that time. So I know that where I live, it is coolest early morning or late at night but most likely they wouldn't be active during the middle of the day when it is the hottest.
Paleontologists organize fossils of related species based on their __________________ similarities
Paleontologists organize fossils of related species based on their physical similarities.
Paleontologists discover and examine the remains of extinct organisms to learn about evolution.Any remnant of ancient life preserved in a geologic setting is referred to as a fossil or paleontological resource.
Fossils provide a direct link to the lifestyles, environments, and climatic conditions of the past. They reveal how life, the environment, and the climate have evolved over time and how living things have reacted to those changes. These teachings are especially crucial now that the modern climate is changing more and more.
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An ecosystem is Multiple choice question. a collection of different species that interact. a group of populations in a given area. a community with all the living and nonliving components. another term used for a community.
Answer:
a community with all the living and nonliving components
Explanation:
Associations detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity.
Associations that were detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity is shown below;
There was a regular, positive associations that between diversity and NDVI sd in regards to mouth microbiome.There was a constant, significant, and a negative associations that was said to exist between percent grassland and that of the diversity of the nose microbiome.What are the other result?Further result from the study of Amber L. Pearson et al., (2020) reveal that the outcome for the mouth microbiome, she shows that a little effect of percent trees was seen on diversity and Clay loam soil was said to be negatively and positively associated or linked with rectum microbiome diversity, when liken to loam soil.
The study reveals that no potential indicator taxon among NDVI quartiles was found and further research is needed.
Work citation
Amber L. Pearson, Jennifer Pechal, Zihan Lin, M. Eric Benbow, Carl Schmidt, Suzanne Mavoa, (2020) Associations detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity, science direct, page 1-29.
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A coral reef is a complex ______ of calcium carbonate shells that are home to microbes, algae, invertebrates, and fishes, and its high productivity helps provide great species richness.
The most critical element of the biofeedback process is: Group of answer choices change in rate of breathing. immediate information on the status of a biological system. an understanding of how and why the process occurs. change in heart rate.
b. immediate information on the status of a biological system.
What does a biological system mean?A biological system is a collection of organs that cooperate to carry out a certain task. For instance, the circulatory system transports nutrients and waste products to and from the body's cells, while the skeletal system protects and supports the body.
Cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes, and regulatory pathways are examples of biological systems that exist on the micro to nanoscopic scale. A living system, such as an organism, should not be confused with a biological system.
The aim of systems biology is to understand vastly complex biological systems in a way that enables us to model and predict how they will behave.
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Which skill should samir improve to become more effective at participating in a formal discussion?
Samir should work on his communication and presenting skills in the language to become more effective at participating in a formal discussion.
A group discussion is a conversation about a certain subject among a number of people. Be confident, relevant to the issue, considerate of others, and use good, clear English when speaking during a group conversation.
Respect other speakers' contributions.You can learn something if you pay close attention to what other speakers have to say.Mention the things that fascinate you.Always keep in mind that a discussion is not a fight.Respect different points of view.Before you talk, give your contribution some thought.Try to stay on topic for the conversation.learn more about communication here: https://brainly.com/question/26152499
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What causes clouds to condense and form?
Select one:
O a. As cold air sinks, water vapor is released.
O b.
As hot air rises, water vapor is released.
O c.
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
O d. As winds drive hot air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Water is constantly cycling through the atmosphere. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface and rises on warm updrafts into the atmosphere. It condenses into clouds, is blown by the wind, and then falls back to the Earth as rain or snow.
__________ starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.
Cancer starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.
A condition known as cancer occurs when somebody's cells grow out of control and spread to other body regions. Since the human body contains billions of cells, cancer can develop practically everywhere.
Cancer begins when something goes wrong with this process and your cells continue to divide, preventing the old or abnormal cells from dying as they should. As the cancer cells proliferate out of control, they may suffocate healthy cells. One body struggles to function properly as a result.
Cancerous cells are capable of escaping the area where they first appeared. These cells may leave the lymph nodes and move to other regions of the body.
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the activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except the presence of other enzymes.
Answer:
the presence of lead
Explanation:
I hope this help
The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except lead, which is in option D. Lead is a heavy metal that can act as an inhibitor of enzymatic activity, so option D is correct here.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which means they are molecules that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or altered in the process. Almost all biochemical reactions in cells require enzymes to proceed at a rate that is sufficient for life. They play a crucial role in various metabolic pathways, allowing cells to carry out essential processes such as breaking down nutrients, building cellular structures, and regulating cellular functions. The enzyme-substrate interaction is highly specific, like a lock and key. Only substrates with a complementary shape to the enzyme's active site can bind to it.
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Complete question is below,
The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except ________?
A. increase in substrate concentration.
B. a vitamin.
C. 2-4 degree increase in temperature.
D. lead.
Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons. a neurological disease due to the accumulation of immune complexes in nerves. a type II hypersensitivity to the myelin of neurons. the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue. a genetic birth defect of the nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which the cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons.
Multiple sclerosis
The type IV hypersensitivity that affects the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. The immune system of the body attacks the myelinated neurons which in turn results in the failure of delivering messages from the brain to various body parts. The disease can generally result in the permanent damage of various neurons in the body. The T cells attack the myelin sheath of the neurons in the central nervous system.
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
The symptoms are depended on how much the nerves were damaged already. Some common symptoms include
Loss of the ability to walkNumbness in the limbsThe sensation of receiving an electric shockTremorVarious vision problemsSlurred speechFatigueUncontrolled sexual, bowel, and bladder functionsTreatment
Unfortunately, there is no treatment available for multiple sclerosis, and many patients often relapse and possibly develop a cycle of relapse and remission.
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The center of our galaxy contains a very intense source of radio and x-ray radiation named sgr a*. what is it about this source that supports the idea that the radiation comes from a black hole?
The radiation is coming from an incredibly small object. This source supports the idea that the radiation comes from a black hole.
The rotating and barycenter of the Milky Way galaxy is known as the Galactic Center (or Galactic Centre). Sagittarius A*, a compact radio source that is almost perfectly at the galactic rotational center, is the galaxy's central massive object and is a supermassive black hole with a mass of roughly 4 million solar masses.Hawking radiation is a result of how quantum fields behave when there is substantial gravity present. Astronomers search for a signal of light from stuff that heats up as it falls into the black hole in order to find this form of radiation, which is only significant for extremely small black holes.SgrA is a radio emission source that is situated in the galaxy's nucleus. Within 1 light year away. , several hundred stars are crowded around it.learn more about black hole here: https://brainly.com/question/16758691
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Which of the following could be a nucleotide of DNA?
A.) deoxyribose + phosphate group + thymine B.) deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
C.) ribose + phosphate group + thymine
D.) ribose + phosphate group + uracil.
Many people have said A and many have said D, so im very confused.
Answer:
A.) should be the answer.
Several uses of Fungi are...
They are used in making bread and cheese
They are used in making some medicines
They are the decomposers in many ecosystems
They reproduce by spores
The several uses of fungi are as follows:
They are used in making bread and cheeseThey are used in making some medicinesThey are the decomposers in many ecosystemsWhat are fungi?Fungi are members of the kingdom Fungi characterized by being eukaryotic and have a chitin cell wall but no chlorophyll or plastids.
Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular. Examples of unicellular fungus is yeast while an example of multicellular fungus is mushroom.
However, fungi can be beneficial as well as pathogenic. Some uses of fungi are as follows:
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The ________ plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count is a method used in microbiology, which is used to gain an insight to estimate the density of bacterial population which is present in a bacterial culture broth. This is done by plating a small concentration of the culture in a petri-dish and then counting the colonies which form in the petri-plate. This method is used mostly in the food industry, to find the density of mesophilic bacteria in food. This method is extremely essential to determine the primary source of the bacterial contaminant.
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Sort each daughter cell into the appropriate bin depending on which arrangement at metaphase I would create it.
During metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are arranged in the center of the cell with the kinetochores facing opposite poles.
What is metaphase? Explain metaphase I.
After prophase, the mitotic cell division process moves on to metaphase. The alignment of the duplicated chromosomes at the metaphase plate, an equatorial plate, is what gives metaphase its name. By microtubules attached to its kinetochore, one of the sister chromatids is joined to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid is associated with the other pole.
The homologous chromosomal pairs align on either side of the equatorial plate during metaphase I. The second stage of meiosis I is called metaphase I. The pairing off and DNA exchange between homologous chromosomes by homologous recombination and crossover at chiasma(ta) between non-sister chromatids are highlighted in prophase I, which comes after prophase I.
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Some ______ are able to metabolize oil and have been used in the cleanup of oil spills.
The bacteria are able to metabolize oil and have been in the cleanup of oil spills.
There are many well-known types of microbes discovered by discovers/researchers, for example- Bacteroidetes, have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons. During an oil spill, these low-abundance microbes sense hydrocarbons and move toward the source where they flourish and reproduce. Some of the microbes use oil as fuel.
It is found that the Bioremediation is used to clean up oil spills or contaminated groundwater. Bioremediation may be done 'in - situ' at the site of the contamination or 'ex - situ' environment.
There is a specie called Pseudomonas putida which is widely used in oil spill bioremediation. It is there to break down many aromatic compounds like hydrocarbons.
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a biologist treats a cell with a certain chemical that inhibit the cell ability to synthesise DNA
if this cell is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle which phase is affected. give two reasons.
If the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
What is interphase?The interphase stage of cell division is the resting stage between two successive divisions.
The interphase is further grouped into three phases namely:
G1 phaseS-phase or synthesis phaseG2 phaseThe synthesis phase of interphase is the stage where new DNA strand is synthesized, hence, if the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
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Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma
Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma.
The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells.
Researchers insert stem cells into the apparatus, either human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be created from adult cells. Then, the researchers add chemicals to nearby wells that trigger cells to develop essential human embryonic features.
Stem cells are found in a wide variety of organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, blood, bone marrow, muscle, skin, heart, and liver tissues. They are dormant in these regions until required to regenerate lost or damaged tissue.
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