10 bivalents formed in a cell with 20 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis I.
Meiosis I is division of a cell in two stages that results in four cells, each with half the chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis is cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and results in production of four gamete cells.
The paired chromosomes are called bivalents. During the prophase homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses. bivalent contain two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent.
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which category of joint provides a very slight degree of movement, but isn't designed to be highly mobile?
Amphiarthroses joints are slightly movable joints.
What are amphiarthroses joints?
The singular form of amphiarthroses is amphiarthrosis. The bones in these kinds of joints are connected together by the hyaline cartilage or the fibrocartilage.
These amphiarthroses joints impart slight mobility while at the same time maintaining stability between bones adjacent in the vertebral column.
Amphiarthroses joints are also called symphysis or syndesmosis. Amphiarthroses joints can also be called cartilaginous joints as the bones are connected by cartilage. Examples of amphiarthroses joints are the pubic symphysis of the pelvis, which is a cartilaginous joint that holds together the right and left hip bones of the pelvis.
Therefore, Amphiarthroses joints are only slightly movable joints, but aren’t highly mobile.
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small seed that are covered in a biodegradable coating to make seed larger (easier to sow) are called .
Small seed that are covered in a biodegradable coating to make seed larger or easier to sow is called seed pelleting.
Seed pelleting is applying thin layer of filler materials that is biodegradable in nature, on seed surface that increases their weight and changes shape and size of seed. It is done to improve establishment process. Mostly, seed pelleting is done to make small, fine, light and odd shaped seeds into bold, heavy, round and uniform so they can be planted in easy way.
What is meant by term biodegradable?
The term biodegradable is defined as ability of any material to get decomposed by action of microorganism with the help of abiotic factors in an ecosystem. Process of decomposing biodegradable waste is natural and may take time. Example includes food materials, kitchen wastes, paper, manure etc.
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the green wavelength is irrelevant to photosynthetic organisms that use chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b because they mainly absorb which two colors of light?
Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb blue and red light wavelengths and reflect green light wavelengths during photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b are the two chlorophyll pigments that are essential for plants to absorb light during photosynthesis. When a pigment exhibits high absorption at a given wavelength, it is capturing that light at that wavelength to produce energy. If there is a low absorption, the plant is reflecting the light back. Chlorophylls a and b both reflect green light while absorbing blue and red light waves. In the violet and red parts, chlorophyll peaks, whereas in the blue and orange regions are where chlorophyll b peaks. In the green area, their absorption is extremely low. Because chlorophyll is a green pigment, leaves that have it as their main pigment are also green. Chlorophyll reflects some yellow wavelengths, but the green color of the leaves is only visible when yellow and deep green wavelengths are combined.
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What is one of the most important substances that goes across the cell membrane?
Answer: Water
Explanation: Water passes quite easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot. An important process known as Osmosis is the result.
birds are able to extract more oxygen than mammals from an equal volume of air. which of the statements reflects why birds are able to do so? birds have a greater surface area for diffusion because they have air sacs in addition to lungs. birds have air sacs that enable them to hold their breath for longer, thereby increasing the time for oxygen to diffuse. birds have capillaries that are in close contact with the lungs. birds do not have air mixing in their lungs; air flows in a unidirectional manner across the lung surface for increased diffusion.
Air does not mix in the lungs of birds; instead, it moves unidirectionally over the surface of the lungs to increase diffusion.
Similar to how a bird has air sacs throughout its body. Therefore, these sacs likewise swell when birds inhale air. Additionally, unlike avian lungs, which are static, air sacs are both anterior and posterior in nature. That is, they remain still. Thus, it takes two full cycles of inhaling and exhaling before the oxygenated air is fully utilized. In this instance, the air is held for a longer period of time because of air sacs. They also gain extra right-side space for air diffusion as a result.
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rickets is an inherited form of bone disease that is due to an x-linked dominant allele. if a man who has rickets marries and has children with a woman who does not have this disease, what is the probability that their sons and daughters will have the disease?
There is 100% probability of the daughters of having the rickets disease and 0% probability that son’s would inherit the disease.
A lack of vitamin D or calcium is the most common cause of rickets. Vitamin D largely comes from exposing the skin to sunlight, but it's also found in some foods, such as oily fish and eggs. Vitamin D is essential for the formation of strong and healthy bones in children.
In rare cases, children can be born with a genetic form of rickets. It can also develop if another condition affects how vitamins and minerals are absorbed by the body
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explain how a carrier protein can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
Specific chemicals are bound by carrier proteins and transferred on one side of the membrane. The conformational changes they go through next enable the molecule to cross the membrane and exit on the other side.
How carrier protein facilitate the diffusion?
When a molecule diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Contrary to channel proteins, another form of membrane transport protein that is less selective in the molecules it transports, carriers are proteins that move a particular material through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells. Carrier proteins are found in lipid bilayer cell structures such cell membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, just like other membrane transport proteins.
Therefore, carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
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a heterozygous fruit fly with normal wings and a gray body (vvbb) is crossed with homozygous flies with vestigial wings and black bodies (vvbb). this type of cross is known as a
This type of cross is known as a dihybrid cross.
Dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits. For example, heterozygous fruit fly with normal wings and a gray body (vvbb) is crossed with homozygous flies with vestigial wings and black bodies (vvbb).
Dihybrid cross is explained as when the two organisms have equal hybrid for two traits. A hybrid organism is a heterozygous organism, which shows the organism have two different alleles at genetic point. Thus, a dihybrid organism is heterozygous at two distinct genetic loci.
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which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false? question 6 options: the monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal. monomers serve as building blocks for polymers. monomers are joined together by the process of dehydration / condensation. monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
False statement is option D: monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.
The majority of macromolecules are constructed from single monomers, often known as building blocks. Covalent bonds allow the monomers to join to create polymers, which are bigger molecules. Consequently, monomers produce water molecules. Dehydration synthesis, which literally translates as "to bring together while losing water," is the name for this kind of reaction. Hydrolysis on the contrary means to break down polymers into monomers by putting up water.
Monomers are thus building blocked of polymers joined together by covalent bonds. While hydrolysis reactions typically release energy by breaking bonds, dehydration reactions typically require an energy investment for the formation of new bonds.
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The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters.
The correct option is c.
The inner portion of an adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla regulates the hormones that start the flight or fight response. Both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have comparable roles, are the primary hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibres stimulate the adrenal medulla, triggering the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The fight-or-flight reaction, fear, mental stress, upright posture, pain, cold, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and other stressors all enhance sympathetic neuronal output.
The complete question is:
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
a. postganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla secrete acetylcholine
b. it has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
c. it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters
d. it is the only structure of the sympathetic division whose preganglionic cell bodies are not in the lateral horns of the spinal
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what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions what structure is indicated by the arrow? epithelial cell junctions spot desmosome hemidesmosome tight junction gap junctions
The arrow points to the spot desmosome structure. The anchoring junctions known as maculae adhaerentes on the spot desmosomes are connected to intermediate filaments.
Where may one find spot desmosomes?Spot desmosomes are seen in great concentrations in between spine-like process connections of said epithelial cells and beneath belt desmosomes throughout junctional complexes in stratified squamous epithelia.
What are desmosomes and what do they do?Desmosomes are important intercellular sticky junctions seen in other tissues and in the basolateral membranes of vascular endothelium. They facilitate direct cell-cell interactions and offer intermediate filament anchoring sites that are crucial for the preservation of tissue architecture.
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The human body is divided into several cavities. List these cavities and propose reasons why evolution has favored this configuration.
In order to supply living creatures with the necessary adaptations and efficiency, evolution has led to complexity in body design. The bodily cavity, also known as the coelom, is a fluid-filled region where organs like the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines can grow, expand, and move. In humans the body cavity has been divided into dorsal, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities on the basis of their body position and the organs lodged there. The fluid in the body cavity keeps all the body organs hydrated and also provides a sort of hydrostatic support. It also helps to maintain homeostasis within the body.
The evolution of living things reveals that they began as aquatic prokaryotes, progressed to aquatic eukaryotes, and eventually became multicellular creatures that gradually adapted to life on land. The evolutionary tree's pinnacle or greatest level is seen as being human. The body cavity gives the intricate internal organs the environment they require to work properly. Evolution produced the many bodily compartments in humans because each function in the body has specialized organs that work separately yet together. These cavities are divided from one another by tissues and membranes.
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The first step in the proton-proton chain produces an antielectron, or positron. What happens to the positron?.
An antielectron, or positron, is created in the proton-proton chain's first phase. When it collides with an ordinary electron, it quickly transforms into energy, causing matter-antimatter annihilation.
The opposite of an electron is a proton. The primary distinction between them and electrons is their positive charge. Positrons are created during the decay of nuclides that have more protons than neutrons in their nucleus. These radionuclides release a neutrino and a positron when they decay.
With the exception of having the opposite charge and spin, antimatter particles are almost similar to their counterparts in matter. When antimatter and matter collide, they instantly disintegrate into energy.
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Cell w has half as much dna as cells x, y, & z. Which phase of the cell cycle is cell w in?.
Cell w is in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
If a cell in a mitotically active tissue has half the DNA of the other cells in the tissue, the cell is in G1, which occurs after the M phase and before the S phase, where the DNA will replicate. Mitotically active tissue is tissue that is actively dividing cells, such as the root tip of a plant or a developing embryo.
The DNA is replicated and double the amount of DNA than the mother cell is formed during the S phase of the interphase so that the genetic material is evenly divided between the daughter cells after the division.
Meiosis is a part of the sexual process because gametes (sperm and eggs) have one-half the number of chromosomes as diploid (2N) individuals.
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What is the primary advantage of using phase comparison in an interference microscope?.
Using the structures of interference microscope, we got that phase comparison can be used to view specimen that is unstained.
Although all optical microscopes in strict sense create images by diffraction, interference microscopy creates images using difference between an interfering beam unmodified by specimen and an otherwise identical beam that illuminates it. A beam splitter divide light into two paths, one of which passes through specimen while the other bypasses it. When the two beams are combined, resulting interference between them reveals the structure of specimen. The first successful system, was actually invented by British microscopist Francis Smith and French physicist Maurice Françon in year 1947, used quartz lenses to produce reference and images-forming beams that were perpendicularly polarized.
The other advantages of using phase comparison in an interference microscope are:
Can be used to study marine organisms due to its dark space.Can be used to study live bacteriumHence, the reason of using phase comparison in an interference microscope is that with the help of this we can view specimen that is unstained.
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List 2 for each fluid: Specify if each fluid is a liquid or gas and explain why.
1. Home
2. school/work
3. outdoors
The types of fluid include the following below:
1. Home - Liquid soap, oil
2. School/work - Water, nitrogen.
3. Outdoors - Oxygen, water
What is a Fluid?This is referred to as a substance which could be in the form of liquid or gas and is capable of continually flowing when it is subjected to shear stress or external force.
There are different types of fluids such as liquid soap which is used in the home for household chores such as washing and cleaning of materials or surfaces.
Fluids such as oxygen and water are used outdoor in the form of drinking so as to rehydrate the body and ensure that the body system functions optimally.
Fluids such as water and nitrogen can be used at work especially in industries which manufacture manure as it is an important component of chlorophyll which helps to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.
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Answer:
Home: Cooking Oil is used to cook a variety of vegetables/ foods, Water is a basic need to live and we drink it everywhere including our homes.
School: Liquid soap is used for clean windows, floors and sometimes ourselves, Oxygen is also a basic need just like water to live but for breathing.
Outdoors: Engine Oil is a liquid and used to repair cars and Gas is a fuel used to run cars and vehicles
which type of blood vessel cells in the tunica media layer produce vasoconstriction and/or dilation of blood vessels?
Type of blood vessel cells in the tunica media layer produce vasoconstriction or dilation of blood vessels are Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
Blood vessels are channels that deliver blood during your body. They form a closed loop, like a circuit, that starts offevolved and ends at your coronary heart. Collectively, the coronary heart vessels and blood vessels shape your circulatory device. Your body incorporates approximately 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
Vessels shipping vitamins to organs/tissues and to transport wastes faraway from organs/tissues within the blood. A primary reason and sizeable role of the vasculature is its participation in oxygenating the body.
There are five instructions of blood vessels: arteries and arterioles (the arterial machine), veins and venules (the venous system), and capillaries (the smallest bloods vessels, linking arterioles and venules through networks within organs and tissues) .
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The diagram below shows how a nerve impulse passing along a relay neurone causes an impulse to be sent along another type of neurone, neurone X.
What type of neurone is neurone X?
The type of neuron that is the X neuron is that it is a motor neuron.
What is a motor neuron?It is a type of neuron located in the peripheral nervous system which will project its axon towards a muscle or towards a gland, therefore it is part of the efferent system. So there are somatic, special visceral and general visceral types.
Motor neurons have as their function the mobility of the tissues to which they go in order to generate different functions. It will carry the information that comes from the descending pathways of the spinal cord.
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which of the following statements is true of enzymes? group of answer choices enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. enzyme function is generally independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as ph and temperature. required nonprotein cofactors generally alter the substrate specificity of enzymes. enzyme function is generally increased if the three-dimensional conformation of an enzyme is altered
The correct statement is " enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers".
The activation energy required to change a reactant together into the product is decreased by enzymes. A reaction that might not be catalyzed by an enzyme is shown on the left, and one that is shown on the right. An enzyme would attach to a reactant as well as speed up the conversion of that reactant together into the product inside an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
In human bodies, enzymes work as catalysts to quicken reactions by assisting in the reduction of the activation energy required to initiate a reaction. The active site is a unique location on each enzyme molecule where even the primary structure interacts with the enzyme.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (A)
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exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis? exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis?
They are involved in disassembly of nuclear envelope.
A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle inside a cellular that incorporates the chromosomes. An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane lets in for the selective passage of sure molecules (which includes proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.
The nucleus is composed of diverse systems namely nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm or nucleus sap nuclear matrix, chromatin and nucleolus. The nuclear membrane paperwork an envelope like structure around the nuclear contents and is normally referred to as a nuclear envelope.
The primary features of the nucleus are to store the mobile's DNA, maintain its integrity, and facilitate its transcription and replication.
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If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, what effect would that have on photosynthesis?.
If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, the effect will be that no photosynthesis would occur.
The antenna complex is the main light capturing system in the plants. It captures the sunlight energy and excitation of electron takes place through it. The complex is actually a collection of the pigment chlorophyll and a few proteins.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by plants in which they use the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce food in the form of sugars and also the by-product oxygen. The process occurs in two phases: light-dependent and light-independent.
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true or false? during atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed, and av valves are open
TRUE. During atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed and av valves are open..
The cardiac cycle is accompanied by brief negative deflections in the primarily forward-moving blood in the veins caused by atrial contraction of the heart, which produces pulse waves that are conveyed from the heart into the venous system.
Just before ventricular systole, atrial contraction gives the ventricular volume one more boost. When the pressure in the ventricle surpasses the pressure in the atrium due to ventricular contraction, the mitral valve closes.
The atrial contraction, also known as the atrial kick, is the last stage. It occurs when the cardiac muscle in the atrium contracts, increasing pressure and causing more blood to flow past the mitral valve. 20% to 30% of the total diastolic volume crosses the mitral valve at this final stage.
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help asap
process of assembling a protein on the basis of the information in an rna molecule
Answer:
Translation
Explanation:
mRNA or messenger RNA connects to RNA to send messages with codons or what you described as information and makes the amino acid because 1 codon = 1 amino acid, tRNA or transfer RNA basically brings those amino acids to the ribosome, ribosome links em together and something called a "stop" codon on the mRNA makes it stop and then release the protein they made :D
which of the choices is/are secretions produced by the pancreas? select all that apply. bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid methane from fermentation gastrin to stimulate hcl production trypsin for further protein digestion lipase for fat digestion
Trypsin to further breakdown proteins Lipase is used to breakdown fat. gastric acid can be neutralised by bicarbonate ions.
What are the three different sorts of acids?Acids are frequently divided into three primary groups. The first is binary acid, followed by oxyacid and carboxylic acid. All binary acids are represented by the symbol "H-A," which stands for a hydrogen connection to a nonmetal atom.
Why is it called acid?The word "acid," which refers to the sour flavour and pungent odour of numerous acids, derives from the Latin word acidus, which meaning "sour." Examples: Because acetic acid and water are diluted, vinegar has a sour flavour. Lemon juice includes citric acid, which gives it a sour flavour.
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what would be the limiting factor for atp production by glycolysis in a strenuously exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?the supply of pyruvatethe supply of adpincreased acidity from lactic acid, causing muscle damagethe supply of nad the supply of co2
In a muscle without lactate dehydrogenase, the availability of NAD+ is what limits the amount of ATP that can be produced through glycolysis.
The molecule that transports energy in an organism's cells is known as adenosine triphosphate.
When lactate dehydrogenase—which is required for converting lactate to energy—is absent from a muscle, the compound NAD+ breaks down energy molecules to create ATP, which is crucial for muscle function.
The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen during the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms experience it.
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The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called.
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called transduction.
Antibiotics are the chemical agents that slow down or cause the complete death of the bacteria. The antibiotics can be used as medication during bacterial diseases. The widely used antibiotics are: penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, etc.
Bacteriophage can be simply called phages. These are the viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating only in bacterial cells. These are not harmful to any other form of living organisms. The genetic material of phages can be either DNA or RNA. Bacteriophages can have varying shapes. The examples of phage is T-even phage.
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the primary difference in electroctye concentration between blood plasma and interstitial fluid is that
The primary difference in electrolyte concentration between blood plasma and interstitial fluid is that blood plasma has relatively more protein anions.
The fundamental distinction between plasma and interstitial fluid is that the former has a higher concentration of protein anions while the latter has a lower concentration. Similar amounts of the majority of other dissolved substances, including nutrients and electrolytes, can be found in both plasma and interstitial fluid. Plasma and interstitial fluid are components of extracellular fluid of a cell.
Water, ions, and other small solutes are combined to form interstitial fluid, also known as tissue fluid, which is pushed out of the blood plasma by the heart's pumping action. Water and a variety of other substances make up plasma, which transports blood cells and oxygen to different parts of the body.
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During the reaction work up, pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions. Which layer is most dense?.
Using the theories of alkanes, we got aqueous layer is the most dense when pentane is used as an organic solvent.
Alkanes are the series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. These are basically known as saturated hydrocarbons. This group of compounds consists of the carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. Also it comprises a homologous series having a molecular formula of CnH2n+2.
Alkanes are the simplest family of the hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon and hydrogen. Each carbon atom actually forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms one bond
Hence, during the reactions, when pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions, the layer which is most dense is aqueous layer.
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What is true about a carrier of a recessive disorder?
a
The carrier has two copies of the allele and exhibits symptoms.
b
The carrier has one copy of the allele and exhibits symptoms.
c
The carrier has two copies of the allele and does not exhibit symptoms
d
The carrier has one copy of the allele and does not exhibit symptoms.
The carrier of a recessive disorder doesn't show the disease. The carrier has one copy of the allele and doesn't exhibit symptoms. Option d is the correct answer.
What is a recessive disorder?A recessive disorder may be autosomal or sex-linked ( present on X chromosome). A recessive disorder is expressed when two recessive alleles are present . An example is cystic fibrosis.
This is an autosomal recessive disorder. F is a normal allele, while f is diseased. F is dominant, and f is recessive. Normal people have the FF genotype, carriers are heterozygous and have the Ff genotype, and diseased people have the ff genotype. The carrier person won't show any symptoms and will have a single recessive allele.
Hence, the carrier has no symptoms but carries a single recessive allele. Option D is the correct answer.
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a lake filled with a large population of fish all of the same species is discovered. which factor would not influence the evolution of a species in this lake?
Speciation involves the genetic changes that accumulate between populations of the same species that leads to the formation of a new species, whereas evolution is the change in allele frequencies of the same species.
What is Evolution ?Evolution is the gradual change in the inherited traits of biological populations over many generations. These traits are the expressions of genes that are passed down through reproduction from parent to offspring.
Long-term perspectives are used in evolutionary theories to examine the emergence of the human species. This view holds that modern people contain genetically influenced traits that have been passed down from generation to generation and have helped them succeed in reproduction.
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