1. Likelihood a gene is altered by a new mutation. (mutation rate)
2. Number of new mutations in a given gene per cell generation. (mutation rate)
3. Number of mutant genes divided by total number of genes within a population. (mutation frequency)
4. Affected by natural selection and genetic drift. (mutation frequency)
What is the difference between mutation rate аnd mutation frequency?The mutаtion rаte is the number of mutаtions per cell division. Becаuse the cell populаtion is so lаrge, the number of cell divisions is аpproximаtely equаl to the number of cells in the populаtion (N). The vаlue of h cаn be determined by а fluctuаtion test.
The mutаtation frequency is simply the rаtio of mutаnts / totаl cells in the populаtion. This cаn be determined by simply plаting out аliquots of а culture аnd counting the number of mutаnts thаt аrise аnd the number of cells plаted. The mutаtion frequency is much eаsier to meаsure but mаy show lаrge fluctuаtions depending upon when the first mutаtion аppeаred in the populаtion.
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Why is it necessary to complete doze of vaccine
Answer:
to get longer-lasting protection
Explanation:
Answer:
HOPE THIS HELPS
Explanation:
Because Receiving only one dose is not as useful as receiving the full dose, getting both doses of these vaccines maximizes your ability to receive full immunity from the vaccine. Receiving only one dose wouldn't provide you with the full protection and does not give you the full effectiveness of the vaccine.
An antimicrobial disk on a kirby-bauer plate that shows no zone of inhibition indicates that the microbe being tested is __________ to the drug.
Answer: Resistance
Explanation:
The antimicrobial disk had no effect on the growth of the microbe indicating that the microbe is resistant to that specific antimicrobial.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (g6pd) is inherited as an x-linked recessive gene in humans. a woman whose father suffered from g6pd marries a normal man. (a) what proportion of their sons is expected to be g6pd? (b) if the husband were g6pd deficient would you change your answer in part (a)?
1/2 is the proportion of their sons expected to be g6pd. When your body doesn't produce enough glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, a hereditary condition known as G6PD develops.
What is G6PD ?When your body doesn't produce enough glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, a hereditary condition known as G6PD develops. Red blood cells are shielded from hazardous chemicals and assisted in their function by G6PD. Blood transfusions are necessary when hemolytic anaemia brought on by G6PD is life-threatening.A disorder in which certain medications, infections, or other stresses cause red blood cells to degrade. An genetic disorder called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency typically affects men. People of African and Mediterranean origin are more likely to experience it.Infections, stress, fava beans, aspirin, and other medications are triggers. Fever, black urine, back and stomach pain, weariness, and pale skin are symptoms that can be brought on. The majority of people heal on their own in a few days. However, because patients run the risk of having recurrent episodes, avoiding triggers is essential.To learn more about G6PD refer :
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a researcher is concerned about a chemical in the lake kariba ecosystem that has the potential to biomagnify, much like ddt. due to limited resources, pollutant levels can be tested in only two species. which two species are the best to compare to reveal possible biomagnification between them?
Biomagnification is the accumulation of non-essential chemicals in the oceans in the food chains as it goes upwards. zooplanktons and Eagle
It increases its concentration in the tissues of organisms as it travels up the food chain. As the toxicity increases and so the trophic levels, it also causes some organisms death. can also be defined as the trophic enrichment of contaminants within food webs.
example- when DDT is put into oceans-
DDT is accumulated in the zooplanktons, which is then consumed by small fishes and then large fishes and then by bird eating fishes ( eagle)
the concentration goes like
zooplanktons ( 0.04ppm)
small eating fishes (0.5ppm)
large eating fishes (2ppm)
eagles ( 25ppm) - this high level disturbs birds ca metabolism.
therefore, two species are the best to compare to reveal possible biomagnification between them is zooplanktons and eagle to find out the difference between them in toxic levels.
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as cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, multiple choice question. a) they divide continually. b) their supply of nutrients improves. c) they die. d) they become dermal cells.
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface Option C. They die.
Your epidermis is the outermost layer of skin in your frame. It protects your frame from damage, keeps your frame hydrated, produces new pores and skin cells and carries melanin, which determines the coloration of your pores and skin.
The dermis in the main consists of keratinocytes (proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal), which include 90% of its cells, however additionally consists of melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and inflammatory cells.
The dermis and its waxy cuticle provide a defensive barrier against mechanical harm, water loss, and contamination. Numerous changed epidermal cells alter transpiration, boom water absorption, and secrete materials.
Three primary populations of cells are living in the epidermis : 1)Keratinocytes,
2) Melanocytes,
3) Langerhans cells.
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i need help with biology
Answer: A, carboxyl group
Explanation:
Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly.
Henry went on a field trip to a national park. He not only observed the aquatic life in the
land. Which type of diversity did Henry come across in the national park?
pond, but also the trees, vegetation, and animal's species on
Henry came across the
diversity.
Carbon is able to bond…
A. many elements.
B. only with non-metal elements.
C. only with CHONPS elements and no others.
Explain the relationship of yolks size to the development rate of the organism inside the egg
There is direct relationship of yolks size to the development rate of the organism inside the egg because large size of yolk leads to the more speed of development rate.
What role does the yolk play in chick development?The main font of nutrients for chicken embryo development is the yolk, which gives more than 90% of the nutrients and is dynamically consumed to supply essential elements for embryonic organ growth and tissue emergence. The yolk is the source of food for the embryo and takes all the fat in the egg. The small white spot on the yolk is called the germinal disc. The chicken yolk sac tissue supplies the functions of the intestine, liver, bone marrow, and thyroid, while the organs of the embryo evolve and mature.
So we can conclude that the yolk sac supplies food material to the embryo. The amnion, by enclosing the embryo provides protection.
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explain what biological process are occurring for the specific changes in co2 observed (for both light and dark conditions). elaborate on this by including an explanation for the reactants and products (internal processes)?
The biological process responsible for the precise changes in CO2 that have been seen is photosynthesis (for both light and dark conditions). Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants of photosynthesis, and light energy transforms them into glucose and oxygen (the products).
Plants ingest water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis from the soil and atmosphere. In contrast to carbon dioxide, which is reduced within the plant cell and gains electrons, water is oxidized within the partition of the plant. Due to this, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen, respectively. Once the oxygen has been returned to the atmosphere, the plant stores energy within glucose molecules.
Accordingly, we can conclude that the biological process is responsible for the specific changes in CO2 that have been observed in photosynthesis. The reactants, carbon dioxide and water, are changed into glucose and oxygen by light energy during photosynthesis.
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you have a problem with ants in your garden. initially, you use an over the counter insecticide to kill them off. the next time, however, the insecticide does not work as effectively. what process best explains this result?
Why is the car red? *
a. It absorbs red light.
b. It reflects red light.
Answer:
It's a and b tho
Explanation:
The car is red because, it absorbs and reflects red light
which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption? multiple choice end products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver. disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells. maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver. monosaccharides can enter the villi.
In relation with carbohydrate absorption the correct statement is- maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
The correct option is c.
Complex carbohydrates are first broken down into oligosaccharides by stomach and salivary enzymes, which are subsequently hydrolyzed to monosaccharides by particular disaccharidases situated at the enterocyte brush boundary.
The small intestine is where carbohydrates are chemically broken down instead of the stomach. The disaccharidases and pancreatic amylase complete the chemical cleavage of digestible carbs. The liver receives the monosaccharides once they are absorbed into the circulation.
Dietary lactose, sucrose, and maltose—all of which are sugars—diffuse in the small intestinal lumen and come into contact with the absorptive epithelial cells that line the villi. There, they interact with brush border hydrolases, which break down the sugars into two molecules of glucose by the enzyme maltase.
The complete question is:
Which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption? multiple choice
a. end products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver.
b. disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells.
c. maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
d. monosaccharides can enter the villi.
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A patient had symptoms that could be related to meningitis. The physician ordered a spinal tap for cerebrospinal fluid analysis. From which space a sample for analysis will be taken?.
Sample for analysis will be taken from two vertebrae in the lower spine for a spinal tap for cerebrospinal fluid analysis
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a clear, colorless, and watery fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. Everything you do, including your ability to move, breathe, think, and see, is controlled and coordinated by it.
brain and spinal cord are shielded from harm by the cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a cushion. Additionally, the fluid aids in the proper functioning of your central nervous system by removing toxins from the brain.
A series of tests called a "CSF analysis" uses a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid to identify conditions that affect the central nervous system and diseases of the brain and spinal cord like Meningitis.
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Scientists predict that we will eventually use up all available fossil fuels. Which list includes only fossil fuels?.
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what kind of protist is this? group of answer choices ciliate plasmodial slime mold flagellate foram
The kind of this protist is plasmodial slime mold.
Thus, the correct option is B.
What is protist?Protists аre simple eukаryotic orgаnisms thаt аre neither plаnts nor аnimаls or fungi. Protists аre unicellulаr in nаture but cаn аlso be found аs а colony of cells. Most protists live in wаter, dаmp terrestriаl environments or even аs pаrаsites.
Kingdom Protista is classified into the following:
ProtozoaSlime mouldsChrysophytes, Dinoflagellates and EuglenoidsWhat is plasmodial slime mold?Plasmodial slime molds (myxomycetes) are а group of fungus-like orgаnisms usuаlly present аnd sometimes аbundаnt in terrestriаl ecosystems. The myxomycete life cycle involves two very different trophic (feeding) stаges, one consisting of the uninucleаte аmoebаe, with or without flаgellа, аnd the other consisting of а distinctive multinucleаte structure, the plаsmodium.
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the ability to carry an electrical charge along the cell is called . also known as responsiveness, is a characteristic of all cells but more highly developed in muscle and nerve cells. muscles can pull bones closer to one another and increase the motility of some organs. this is due to the property of . skeletal muscles can stretch up to three times their contracted length. this is called . muscles can stretch and, when released, return to their original, shorter length. this property is referred to as .
Conductivity is the capacity of a cell to carry a electrical charge. sometimes referred to as responsiveness
What parts of the body are skeletal?The main structural component of your body is the skeletal system. It is made up of bones & connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Other name for it is skeletal system.
What does "skeleton" mean?A typically rigid framework that serves as an organism's support system or layer of protection. Particularly: something stripped to its most basic form or constituent elements, such as the bony or just about cartilaginous framework that supports the soft tissues and safeguards the internal organs of the a vertebrate.
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As stated in the previous sentence, conductivity is the capacity of a cell to transfer an electrical current.
What do all the bones represent?
In the human body, there are five different kinds of bones: bone length: The majority of the bone fragments in the limbs are among them, which are primarily compacted calcium with little marrow. These bones typically aid in movement and weight bearing. Short bones, including the ankle and wrist bones, have only a thin covering of dense bone.
What are the bones' structures?
Bone Gross Anatomy. A long bone's diaphysis and epiphysis are its two primary halves. The flat, tubular shaft which it connects the proximal and the distal corners of the bone is known as the diaphysis. The medullary resides inside the diaphysis.
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Four 5-gram blocks of metal are sitting out in the sun and absorb the same amount of heat energy. Use the following specific heat capacity data to determine which block will increase its temperature the most.
Substance Specific Heat Capacity (cal/g°C)
iron 0. 11
copper 0. 09
silver 0. 06
lead 0. 03
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Silver
D. Lead
The change in temperature will be highest for lead metal. So option (D) is the correct answer.
To calculate the heat absorbed or released
q=mC×ΔT
where,
q = heat absorbed = 200.0 J
m = mass of the substance
C = specific heat of substance
ΔT = change in temperature
Amount of heat is absorbed and the mass is all the same. Therefore, the temperature change depends only on the specific heat.
ΔT = q/ mC
From the above we can see that the temperature change is inversely proportional to the specific heat. The higher the specific heat, the smaller the temperature change.
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2. Before DNA replication can occur, the double-stranded DNA must first-
A be transcribed into RNA
B be translated into amino acids
C replace deoxyribose with ribose sugars
D separate between the nitrogen base
Before DNA replication can occur, the double-stranded DNA must first be transcribed into RNA.
The first two processes of DNA replication are initiated sequentially. A so initiation protein first releases a little section of the DNA quadruple helix. The two DNA strands are then pulled apart by helicase, a protein that binds to and dismantles the hydrogen bonds holding the bases on the DNA strands together.
The stretch of the double helix that is about to be duplicated must first be unwound already when replication could take place. Additionally, the weaker hydrogen bonds between the coupled bases must be broken in order to distinguish the two strands, much like the opposite wings of a zipper.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (A).
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a red-eyed female fly was crossed with a white-eyed male fly. all the f1 offspring have red eyes. two of these red-eyed f1 generation flies were crossed to each other. the f2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. what was the explanation for this result?
The answer for why all of the white-eyed flies are males is that a gene exists on the X chromosome.
What defines a generation?A generation is the collective term for all individuals who were born and are still alive at around the same period. The average time frame, commonly regarded to be between twenty and thirty decades, in which children are born, grow up, becoming adults, and start having children is another way to put it.
Why is it called the Silent Generation?The Silent Generation supported "working within the system," in contrast to the preceding generation, who had pushed for "changing the system." They achieved this by putting in long hours of work and gaining the reputation of being "quiet."
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Spencer noticed that he eats 4-5 times a day but only poops about once a day. He wondered where all the food he eats ends up going. After all, he only gained 5 pounds last year.
The food you eat is decreased in a number of ways as it passes through your digestive tract, water is taken in, nutrition is absorbed, some waste materials return to the bladder or intestines.
What is the digestive system?The digestive system is made up of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder as well as the gastrointestinal tract, commonly known as the GI tract or digestive tract. From the mouth to the anus, the GI tract is made up of several hollow organs connected by a protracted, twisted tube. The stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the hollow organs that make up the GI tract. The digestive system's solid organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Three sections make up the small intestine. The duodenum is the name of the first section. The ileum is at the end, while the jejunum is in the middle. The cecum, colon, rectum, and appendix are all parts of the large intestine. A finger-shaped pouch connected to the cecum is the appendix.
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How do personal choices and nature affect
human health?
Answer:
I think the answer is Exposure to nature not only makes you feel better emotionally, but it also contributes to your physical well-being, reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and the production of stress hormones.
Explanation:
I hope this helps
e large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of: being able to produce unique antibodies from both the maternal and paternal alleles. secreting multiple antibodies that will be presented on the surface of other b cells. making a unique antibody from all other b cells by genomic rearrangement. making multiple unique anti
The large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of a single B cell: (3) making a unique antibody from all other B cells by genomic rearrangement.
Antibodies are the proteinaceous structures that form an essential part of the immune system. Each antibody is Y shaped structure that consists if 2 small light chains and 2 heavy chains. They are joined together by disulfide bonds. They are produced by the B cells.
B cells are also called the b lymphocytes that are a type of white blood cells. They provide humoral adaptive immunity to the body. The B cells are developed as well as matured inside the bone marrow.
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a eukaryotic cell has just started replicating its dna. what is a true statement about the cell? select all that apply. group of answer choices the cell is in the g2 stage of the cell cycle. near each origin of replication there are two replication forks. telomerase may be used to make sure that the lagging strand at the end of the chromosome is complete. ligase is being used to remove rna primers.
When eukaryotic cell has started replicating its DNA, then following are true: a)near each of the origin of replication there are two replication forks b)telomerase is used to make sure that the lagging strand in the end of chromosome is complete.
What happens when DNA starts replicating?Two replication forks are formed at the origin of the replication and they get extended in both directions as replication proceeds.
There are multiple origins of replication on the eukaryotic chromosome so that replication can occur simultaneously from other places in the genome.
Telomerase is large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for progressive synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats at the 3′ ends of linear chromosomes, hence reversing the loss of DNA from each round of replication.
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Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called ____.
Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called salinization.
Soil salinity is the amount of salt in the soil. The process of increasing the salt content is called salinization. Salt is a naturally occurring compound found in soil and water. Salinization can be caused by natural processes such as mineral leaching or the withdrawal of salt deposits from the oceans. Salinization can also occur due to human activities such as irrigation.
Causes of soil salinity
The accumulation of too much salt, especially on the surface, is caused by the movement of salt through the capillary process from the part in the soil which is filled with liquid with dissolved salts, to the surface. The evaporation process draws liquid from the soil to the surface, and the evaporated liquid leaves salt on the soil surface. Concentrated salt can also come from chemical fertilizers.
Salinization is a process caused by:
- high salt content in water
- landscape features that cause salt to move through the movement of groundwater
- climatic factors that cause salt accumulation
- human activities such as logging, irrigation, aquaculture, and salting to melt snow and ice.
- The high salt content causes soil degradation and vegetation is unable to grow on it.
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thalassemia is a very serious disorder that affects hemoglobin. it is caused by an autosomal recessive gene. if both a woman and a man are carriers, then what is the chance that they will have a child with the disease?
If both a woman and a man are carriers, then chance that child will have a disease is 25 %.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein. its symptoms may includes weakness, pale and yellow skin , abdominal swelling and dark urine .
Thalassemia can me mild or chronic . mild from doesn't need any care while chronic form need blood transfusion or stem cell transplant . Blood transfusion process involves receiving injections of red blood cells through a vein to restore normal levels. only successful treatment of thalassemia is is a bone marrow and stem cell transplant from a compatible donor.
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if i want to donate bodily tissues and organs in the event of my death, what is the best thing to do to insure that outcome?
The easiest way to ensure that happens is to register my intentions into my state's first-person consent register.
Tissue donation is the process by which a dying person gives away pieces of their body (such as skin, heart valves, ligaments, bones, veins, corneas, etc.) to be used in transplants to treat different deformities, wounds, and other conditions.
The following human tissues which can be considered and utilized during tissue donation in several surgical procedures: nerves, tendons, heart valves, veins, skin, and musculoskeletal tissue.
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the great oxygenation event was caused by a change in oxygen composition in the atmosphere, where the amount of oxygen:
Whenever bacteria that are present in the ocean began to generate through photosynthesis, this is known as the Great Oxygen consumption Revolution.
How would you define composition?Noun. the process of assembling or creating anything by mixing components or materials. the elements or constituent pieces of anything; constitution. something created in this way or the consequent state or characteristic; a mix. a work of writing, art, and performance.
What is a composition example?Heart and lungs make up the "Human" class. Nobody's parts survive that after death of a human object. A constrained form of aggregation is the composition. It is difficult for one object to operate absent the other in synthesis since it needs on it and incorporates a class.
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What are the three common patterns of population distribution? a. clumped, random, and curved b. evenly spaced, clumped, and curved c. clumped, evenly spaced, and random d. random, curved, and evenly spaced please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The three common patterns of population distribution are c. clumped, evenly spaced, and random.
According to three basic patterns of population distribution, describe all the three ways?organisms in a given population can display:
1) Uniform Dispersion: Uniform dispersion is the distribution of organisms within a population such that they are evenly spaced from one another and are more or less evenly distributed throughout an area.
2) Random dispersion- This is evident when the organisms in a population are dispersed randomly, meaning that there is no discernible pattern between them.
3)Clumped: This is a term used to describe creatures that create clumps or clusters when they are present.
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what carbon source(s) can yeast cells metabolize under anaerobic conditions to make atp? glucose lactic acid pyruvate either ethanol or lactic acid ethanol
Under anaerobic circumstances, yeast cells may metabolize glucose to produce atp.
Even under aerobic settings, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast prefers glucose as a carbon source, and ferment is the main mechanism for energy generation. Anaerobic processes in yeast produce alcohol, whereas they produce lactic acid in your muscles. An anaerobic process called fermentation allows glucose to release energy even in the absence of oxygen. In addition to yeast cells, bacteria and animal muscle cells also undergo some sort of fermentation. When exposed to osmotic stress and ethanol as a carbon source, yeast cells accumulate dihydrate rather than glycerol. Two distinct wild type cultures, W303-1A and BY4741, were cultivated in shake-flasks throughout time to observe internal glycerol and trehalose buildup.
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